Background: Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily ethnic Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the territory's status. Armenia and Azerbaijan reignited their dispute over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated militarily after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the US, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict.In the 25 years following its independence, Azerbaijan succeeded in significantly reducing the poverty rate and has directed revenues from its oil and gas production to significant development of the country’s infrastructure. However, corruption in the country is widespread, and the government has been accused of authoritarianism. The country’s leadership has remained in the Aliyev family since Heydar ALIYEV became president in 1993 and was succeeded by his son, President Ilham ALIYEV in 2003. Following two national referendums in the past several years that eliminated presidential term limits and extended presidential terms from 5 to 7 years, President ALIYEV secured a fourth term as president in April 2018 in elections that international observers noted had serious shortcomings. Reforms to diversify the country’s non-oil economy remain dependent on subsidies from oil and gas revenues, while other reforms have not adequately addressed weaknesses in most government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, as well as the court system.

Geographic coordinates: 40 30 N, 47 30 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991
Land: 82,629 km²
Water: 3,971 km²
Rank: 114
Comparative: about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries
Total: 2,468 km
Border countries: (5) Armenia 996 km; , Georgia 428 km; , Iran 689 km; , Russia 338 km; , Turkey 17 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: dry, semiarid steppe

Terrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) to the west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea

Elevation
Mean elevation: 384 m
Elevation extremes: -28 m
Note: lowest point: Caspian Sea

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite

Land use
Agricultural land: 57.6% (2014 est.)
Forest: 11.3% (2014 est.)
Other: 31.1% (2014 est.)

Irrigated land: 14,277 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: droughts

Geography
Note: both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked

Population
Distribution: highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population: 10,046,516 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 90
Growth rate: 0.83% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 126
Below poverty line: 4.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Azerbaijani(s)
Adjective: Azerbaijani

Ethnic groups:

Languages: Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)

Religions:

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.05% (male 1,233,424 /female 1,082,007)
15-24 years: 14.03% (male 743,142 /female 666,550)
25-54 years: 45.44% (male 2,247,545 /female 2,317,630)
55-64 years: 10.67% (male 493,555 /female 578,440)
65 years and over: 6.81% (male 262,989 /female 421,234) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 40.2 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 32.1 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 8 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 12.4 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 31.7 years
Male: 30.2 years
Female: 33.4 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 108

Population growth rate: 0.83% (2018 est.)
Rank: 126

Birth rate: 15.3 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 120

Death rate: 7 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 128

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 71

Population distribution: highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the county, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population

Urbanization
Urban population: 55.7% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 1.58% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 2.286 million BAKU (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton; surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.09 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.15 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.86 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 23.2 years (2014 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 23 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 23.9 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 22 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 71

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 73 years (2018 est.)
Male: 70 years (2018 est.)
Female: 76.4 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 143

Total fertility rate: 1.89 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 134

Drinking water source
Urban: 5.3% of population
Rural: 22.2% of population
Total: 13% of population (2015 est.)

Physicians density: 3.4 physicians/1000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 4.7 beds/1000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 8.4% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 13.4% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 10.7% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 108
People living with hivaids: 8,000 (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 106
Deaths note: <500 (2017 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 19.9% (2016)
Rank: 106

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.9% (2013)
Rank: 83

Education expenditures: 3% of GDP (2015)
Rank: 142

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)
Total population: 99.8% (2016 est.)
Male: 99.9% (2016 est.)
Female: 99.7% (2016 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years (2014)
Male: 13 years (2014)
Female: 13 years (2014)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
Conventional short form: Azerbaijan
Local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
Local short form: Azarbaycan
Former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: the name translates as Land of Fire and refers to naturally occurring surface fires on ancient oil pools or from natural gas discharges

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Baku (Baki, Baky)
Geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city 'bad-kube' meaning 'wind-pounded city' and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city

Administrative divisions:

Independence: 30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)

National holiday: Republic Day (founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan), 28 May (1918)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 12 November 1995 (2017)
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by at least 63 members of the National Assembly; passage requires at least 95 votes of Assembly members in two separate readings of the draft amendment six months apart and requires presidential approval after each of the two Assembly votes, followed by presidential signature; constitutional articles on the authority, sovereignty, and unity of the people cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2009, 2016 (2017)

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003); First Vice President Mehriban ALIYEVA (since 21 February 2017)
Head of government: Prime Minister Novruz MAMMADOV (since 21 April 2018); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for unlimited terms); election last held on 11 April 2018 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum expanded presidential terms from 5 to 7 years; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the same referendum also introduced the post of first vice-president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the president
Election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9%: note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held in November 2020)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 69, CSP 2, AVP 1, Civil Unity 1, CUP 1, Democratic Enlightenment 1, Democratic Reforms 1, Great Undertaking Party 1, National Renaissance Party 1, Social Democratic Party 1, Social Prosperity Party 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, independent 43, invalid 1; composition - men 104, women 21, percent of women 16.8%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, vice chairman, and 23 judges in plenum sessions and organized into civil, economic affairs, criminal, and rights violations chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis; judges appointed for 10 years; Constitutional Court chairman and deputy chairman appointed by the president; other court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis to serve single 15-year terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (replaced the Economic Court in 2002); district and municipal courts;

Political parties and leaders: Civil Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLI]Civil Unity Party or CUP [Sabir HAJIYEV]Democratic Enlightenment [Elshan MUSAYEV]Democratic Reforms Party [Asim MOLLAZADE]Great Undertaking [Fazil MUSTAFA]Musavat [Arif HAJILI]Popular Front Party [Ali KARIMLI]Motherland Party or AVP [Fazail AGAMALI]National Renaissance PartySocial Democratic Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]Social Prosperity Party [Khanhusein KAZIMLI]Unity Party [Tahir KARIMLI]Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party [Gudrat HASANGULIYEV]Yeni (New) Azerbaijan Party or YAP [President Ilham ALIYEV]

International organization participation: ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Elin SULEYMANOV (since 5 December 2011)
In the us chancery: 2,741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 337-3,500
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 337-5,911
In the us consulate: Los Angeles
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires William GILL (since August 2016)
From the us embassy: 111 Azadlig Prospekti, Baku AZ1007
From the us mailing address: American Embassy Baku, US Department of State, 7,050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,050
From the us telephone: [994] (12) 488-3,300
From the us FAX: [994] (12) 488-3,330

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon and star are a Turkic insignia; the eight star points represent the eight Turkic peoples of the world

National symbols: flames of fire; national colors: blue, red, green

National anthem
Name: Azerbaijan Marsi (March of Azerbaijan)
Lyricsmusic: Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV: note: adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, 'Azerbaijan Marsi' did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Economy overview: Prior to the decline in global oil prices since 2014, Azerbaijan's high economic growth was attributable to rising energy exports and to some non-export sectors. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk, and the Baku-Supsa Pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The expected completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) between Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another source of revenue from gas exports. First gas to Turkey through the SGC is expected in 2018 with project completion expected by 2020-21.Declining oil prices caused a 3.1% contraction in GDP in 2016, and a 0.8% decline in 2017, highlighted by a sharp reduction in the construction sector. The economic decline was accompanied by higher inflation, a weakened banking sector, and two sharp currency devaluations in 2015. Azerbaijan’s financial sector continued to struggle. In May 2017, Baku allowed the majority state-owed International Bank of Azerbaijan (IBA), the nation’s largest bank, to default on some of its outstanding debt and file for restructuring in Azerbaijani courts; IBA also filed in US and UK bankruptcy courts to have its restructuring recognized in their respective jurisdictions.Azerbaijan has made limited progress with market-based economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth, particularly in non-energy sectors. The government has, however, made efforts to combat corruption, particularly in customs and government services. Several other obstacles impede Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for more foreign investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. While trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics remains important, Azerbaijan has expanded trade with Turkey and Europe and is seeking new markets for non-oil/gas exports - mainly in the agricultural sector - with Gulf Cooperation Council member countries, the US, and others. It is also improving Baku airport and the Caspian Sea port of Alat for use as a regional transportation and logistics hub.Long-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to develop export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to improve the business environment and diversify the economy. In late 2016, the president approved a strategic roadmap for economic reforms that identified key non-energy segments of the economy for development, such as agriculture, logistics, information technology, and tourism. In October 2017, the long-awaited Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway, stretching from the Azerbaijani capital to Kars in north-eastern Turkey, began limited service.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 73

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 194

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 100

Gross national saving:
Rank: 63

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 48.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -42% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 53.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 40.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: fruit, vegetables, grain, rice, grapes, tea, cotton, tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats

Industries: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Industrial production growth rate: -3.8% (2017 est.)
Rank: 191

Labor force: 5.118 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 82
By occupation agriculture: 37%
By occupation industry: 14.3%
By occupation services: 48.9% (2014)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 73

Population below poverty line: 4.9% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 27.4% (2008)
Highest 10: 27.4% (2008)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 110

Budget
Revenues: 9.556 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 10.22 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 93

Taxes and other revenues: 23.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 126

Public debt:
Rank: 85

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 209

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 13

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 64

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 96

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 98

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 102

Market value of publicly traded shares: NA

Current account balance:
Rank: 45

Exports:
Rank: 78
Partners: Italy 23.2%, Turkey 13.6%, Israel 6.1%, Russia 5.4%, Germany 5%, Czech Republic 4.6%, Georgia 4.3% (2017)
Commodities: oil and gas roughly 90%, machinery, foodstuffs, cotton

Imports:
Rank: 106
Commodities: machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals
Partners: Russia 17.7%, Turkey 14.8%, China 9.9%, US 8.3%, Ukraine 5.3%, Germany 5.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 88

Debt external:
Rank: 99

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 49

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 56

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 23.57 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 73
Consumption: 20.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 71
Exports: 265 million kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 71
Imports: 114 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 97
Installed generating capacity: 7.876 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 71
Generation sources fossil fuels: 84% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 74
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 42
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 104
Generation sources other renewable sources: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 133

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 789,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 24
Crude oil exports: 718,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 19
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 92
Crude oil proven reserves: 7 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 18

Refined petroleum
Products production: 138,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 61
Products consumption: 100,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 80
Products exports: 46,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 57
Products imports: 5,576 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 168

Natural gas
Production: 16.96 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 35
Consumption: 10.34 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 47
Exports: 8.042 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 24
Imports: 2.095 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 51
Proven reserves: 991.1 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 25

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 35.6 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 72

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,688,325 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 61
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 10.127 million (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 102 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 83

Telephone system
General assessment: more competition exists in the mobile-cellular market; Azerbaijan has moderate mobile, mobile broadband and fixed broadband penetration compared to other Asian nations; Pre-5G network operating on the TD-LTE standard (2017)
Domestic: teledensity of some 17 fixed-lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to 102 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhchivan) (2017)
International: country code - 994; the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic link transits Azerbaijan providing international connectivity to neighboring countries; the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; satellite earth stations - 2 (2017)

Broadcast media: 3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; note - all broadcast media is pro-government, and most private broadcast media outlets are owned by entities directly linked to the government (2018)

Internet
Country code: .az
Users total: 7,720,502 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 78.2% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 55

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,805,214 (2017 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2017 est.)
Rank: 54

Military expenditures:
Rank: 17

Military service age and obligation: 18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 35 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,803,112 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 41,954,600
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4K (2016)

Airports: 37 (2013)
Rank: 107
With paved runways total: 30 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 13 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 4 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 3 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 7 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 7 (2013)

Heliports: 1 (2012)

Pipelines: 89 km condensate, 3,890 km gas, 2,446 km oil (2013)

Railways
Total: 2,944 km (2017)
Broad gauge: 2,944 km
Note: 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1767 km electrified) (2017)
Rank: 62

Roadways
Total: 52,942 km (2006)
Paved: 26,789 km (2006)
Unpaved: 26,153 km (2006)
Rank: 76

Merchant marine
Total: 311 (2017)
By type: general cargo 48, oil tanker 48, other 215 (2017)
Rank: 50

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Baku (Baki) located on the Caspian Sea

Disputes international: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the seathe dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instabilityresidents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijanlocal border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian bordersbilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 393,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh; IDPs are mainly ethnic Azerbaijanis but also include ethnic Kurds, Russians, and Turks predominantly from occupied territories around Nagorno-Karabakh; includes IDPs descendants, returned IDPs, and people living in insecure areas and excludes people displaced by natural disasters; around half the IDPs live in the capital Baku) (2017)
Stateless persons: 3,585 (2017)

Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe