Background: French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has enabled the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite slow movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of President Paul BIYA.

Geographic coordinates: 6 00 N, 12 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 475,440 km²
Land: 472,710 km²
Water: 2,730 km²
Rank: 55
Comparative: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries
Total: 5,018 km
Border countries: (6) Central African Republic 901 km; , Chad 1116 km; , Republic of the Congo 494 km; , Equatorial Guinea 183 km; , Gabon 349 km; , Nigeria 1975 km

Coastline: 402 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm

Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north

Elevation
Mean elevation: 667 m
Elevation extremes: 0 m
Note: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean

Natural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 20.6% (2011 est.)
Forest: 41.7% (2011 est.)
Other: 37.7% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 290 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoesvolcanism: Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986

Geography
Note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano

Population
Distribution: population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated:
Rank: 53
Growth rate: 2.54% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 20
Below poverty line: 30% (2001 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Cameroonian(s)
Adjective: Cameroonian

Ethnic groups: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Religions: Roman Catholic 38.4%, Protestant 26.3%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 20.9%, animist 5.6%, other 1%, non-believer 3.2% (2005 est.)

Demographic profile: Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty.International migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 320,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of September 2017. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and more recently Nigeria.

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.15% (male 5,445,142 /female 5,362,166)
15-24 years: 19.6% (male 2,524,031 /female 2,502,072)
25-54 years: 31.03% (male 4,001,963 /female 3,954,258)
55-64 years: 3.99% (male 499,101 /female 524,288)
65 years and over: 3.23% (male 384,845 /female 443,099) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 85.9 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 80 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 5.9 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 17 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 18.6 years
Male: 18.5 years
Female: 18.7 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 208

Population growth rate: 2.54% (2018 est.)
Rank: 20

Birth rate: 35 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 21

Death rate: 9.4 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 49

Net migration rate: -0.1 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 104

Population distribution: population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 56.4% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 3.63% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 3.656 million Douala, 3.412 million YAOUNDE (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth:

Infant mortality rate
Total: 49.8 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 53.4 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 46.2 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 29

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 59.4 years (2018 est.)
Male: 58 years (2018 est.)
Female: 60.9 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 210

Total fertility rate: 4.58 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 24

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 34.4% (2014)

Drinking water source
Urban: 5.2% of population
Rural: 47.3% of population
Total: 24.4% of population (2015 est.)

Physicians density: 0.08 physicians/1000 population (2010)

Hospital bed density: 1.3 beds/1000 population (2010)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 38.2% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 73.2% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 54.2% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 3.7% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 16
People living with hivaids: 510,000 (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 15
Deaths: 24,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths rank: 9

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2016)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)
Vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever (2016)
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis (2016)
Animal contact diseases: rabies (2016)
Respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 11.4% (2016)
Rank: 135

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 14.8% (2014)
Rank: 44

Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2013)
Rank: 152

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
Total population: 75% (2015 est.)
Male: 81.2% (2015 est.)
Female: 68.9% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years (2015)
Male: 13 years (2015)
Female: 11 years (2015)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
Conventional short form: Cameroon
Local long form: Republique du Cameroun/Republic of Cameroon
Local short form: Cameroun/Cameroon
Former: Kamerun, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon
Etymology: in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers named the area near the mouth of the Wouri River the Rio dos Camaroes (River of Prawns) after the abundant shrimp in the water; over time the designation became Cameroon in English; this is the only instance where a country is named after a crustacean

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Yaounde
Geographic coordinates: 3 52 N, 11 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)

Independence: 1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday: State Unification Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996 (2017)
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one-third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon’s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended; amended 2008 (2017)

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cameroon
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
Head of government: Prime Minister Philemon YANG (since 30 June 2009); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014)
Cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Cameroon (consists of 9 titular and 6 surrogate judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and audit chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 11 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Higher Judicial Council of Cameroon, a body chaired by the president and includes the minister of justice, selected magistrates, and representatives of the National Assembly; judge term NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president for single 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Parliamentary Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases involving the president and prime minister); appellate and first instance courts; circuit and magistrates courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy and DevelopmentCameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau]

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Essomba ETOUNDI (since 27 June 2016)
In the us chancery: 3,007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC, 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 265-8,790
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 387-3,826
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Henry BARLERIN (since 20 December 2017)
From the us embassy: Avenue Rosa Parks, Yaounde
From the us mailing address: P.O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-2,520
From the us telephone: [237] 22,220 1500; Consular: [237] 22,220 1603
From the us FAX: [237] 22,220 1500 Ext. 4,531; Consular FAX: [237] 22,220 1752
From the us branch office: Douala

Flag description:

National symbols: lion; national colors: green, red, yellow

National anthem
Name: O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancetres (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)
Lyricsmusic: Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKOO [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME: note: adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as 'Chant de Ralliement' (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ

Economy overview: Cameroon’s market-based, diversified economy features oil and gas, timber, aluminum, agriculture, mining and the service sector. Oil remains Cameroon’s main export commodity, and despite falling global oil prices, still accounts for nearly 40% of exports. Cameroon’s economy suffers from factors that often impact underdeveloped countries, such as stagnant per capita income, a relatively inequitable distribution of income, a top-heavy civil service, endemic corruption, continuing inefficiencies of a large parastatal system in key sectors, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The IMF continues to press for economic reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. The Government of Cameroon provides subsidies for electricity, food, and fuel that have strained the federal budget and diverted funds from education, healthcare, and infrastructure projects, as low oil prices have led to lower revenues.Cameroon devotes significant resources to several large infrastructure projects currently under construction, including a deep seaport in Kribi and the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project. Cameroon’s energy sector continues to diversify, recently opening a natural gas-powered electricity generating plant. Cameroon continues to seek foreign investment to improve its inadequate infrastructure, create jobs, and improve its economic footprint, but its unfavorable business environment remains a significant deterrent to foreign investment.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 88

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 98

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 182

Gross national saving:
Rank: 56

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 66.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -20.9% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 16.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 26.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 56.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, cassava (manioc, tapioca); livestock; timber

Industries: petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (2017 est.)
Rank: 94

Labor force: 9.912 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 52
By occupation agriculture: 70%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 17% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 57

Population below poverty line: 30% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 35.4% (2001)
Highest 10: 35.4% (2014 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 30

Budget
Revenues: 5.363 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 6.556 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 143

Taxes and other revenues: 15.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 191

Public debt:
Rank: 143

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 31

Central bank discount rate: 4.25% (31 December 2009)
Rank: 89

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 61

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 107

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 111

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 125

Market value of publicly traded shares: $230 million (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 116

Current account balance:
Rank: 141

Exports:
Rank: 111
Partners: Netherlands 15.6%, France 12.6%, China 11.7%, Belgium 6.8%, Italy 6.3%, Algeria 4.8%, Malaysia 4.4% (2017)
Commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton

Imports:
Rank: 132
Commodities: machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food
Partners: China 19%, France 10.3%, Thailand 7.9%, Nigeria 4.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 107

Debt external:
Rank: 115

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 10.1 million (2013)
Access electrification total population: 55% (2013)
Access electrification urban areas: 88% (2013)
Access electrification rural areas: 17% (2013)
Production: 8.108 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 109
Consumption: 6.411 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 113
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 117
Imports: 55 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 105
Installed generating capacity: 1.558 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 122
Generation sources fossil fuels: 52% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 145
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 62
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 47% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 44
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 150

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 75,720 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 46
Crude oil exports: 96,370 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 35
Crude oil imports: 36,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 59
Crude oil proven reserves: 200 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 55

Refined petroleum
Products production: 39,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 82
Products consumption: 45,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 109
Products exports: 8,545 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 84
Products imports: 14,090 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 138

Natural gas
Production: 910.4 million m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 69
Consumption: 906.1 million m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 93
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 79
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 103
Proven reserves: 135.1 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 48

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 7.672 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 119

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 699,055 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 88
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 19,706,027 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 79 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 59

Telephone system
General assessment: equipment is old and outdated, and connections with many parts of the country are unreliable; 3G service and LTE service both developing given growing competition, along with a fast-developing mobile broadband sector (2017)
Domestic: only about 3 per 100 persons for fixed-line subscriptions; mobile-cellular usage has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of over 79 per 100 persons (2017)
International: country code - 237; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); by September 2018 the country is expected to be connected to the SAIL submarine cable, providing a direct link to Brazil and with onward connectivity to other countries in the Americas; the cable will considerably improve international bandwidth and lead to better prices for consumers (2017)

Broadcast media: government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operating but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2007)

Internet
Country code: .cm
Users total: 6,090,201 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 25% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 67

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 42,117 (2017 est.)
Date: (2017 est.)
Rank: 132

Military expenditures:
Rank: 69

Military service age and obligation: 18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 267,208 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TJ (2016)

Airports: 33 (2013)
Rank: 112
With paved runways total: 11 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 22 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 8 (2013)

Pipelines: 53 km gas, 5 km liquid petroleum gas, 1107 km oil, 35 km water (2013)

Railways
Total: 987 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 987 km
Note: 1.000-m gauge (2014): note: railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL
Rank: 89

Roadways
Total: 51,350 km (2011)
Paved: 4,108 km (2011)
Unpaved: 47,242 km (2011): note: there are 28,857 km of national roads
Rank: 78

Waterways
Note: (major rivers in the south such as the Wouri and the Sanaga are largely non-navigable; in the north the Benue which connects through Nigeria to the Niger River is navigable in the rainy season only to the port of Garoua) (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 19 (2017)
By type: general cargo 4, other 15 (2017)
Rank: 140

Ports and terminals
Oil terminal: Limboh Terminal
River port: Douala (Wouri): Garoua (Benoue)

Disputes international: Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem Riveronly Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 267,813 (Central African Republic), 101,404 (Nigeria) (2018)
IDPs: 238,099 (2018)