Background: The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PENA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year, although growth returned quickly in 2010. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engaged in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides.

Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 1,964,375 km²
Land: 1,943,945 km²
Water: 20,430 km²
Rank: 15
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 4,389 km
Border countries: (3) Belize 276 km; , Guatemala 958 km; , US 3,155 km

Coastline: 9,330 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: varies from tropical to desert

Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Elevation
Mean elevation: 1111 m
Elevation extremes: -10 m
Note: lowest point: Laguna Salada

Natural resources: petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Land use
Agricultural land: 54.9% (2011 est.)
Forest: 33.3% (2011 est.)
Other: 11.8% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 65,000 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coastsvolcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note: note 1: strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of the world's major grain crops, almost certainly originated in Mexico

Population
Distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City: 125,959,205 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 11
Growth rate: 1.09% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 101
Below poverty line:

Nationality
Noun: Mexican(s)
Adjective: Mexican

Ethnic groups:

Languages:

Religions: Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 26.61% (male 17,143,124 /female 16,378,309)
15-24 years: 17.35% (male 11,072,817 /female 10,779,029)
25-54 years: 40.91% (male 24,916,204 /female 26,612,272)
55-64 years: 7.87% (male 4,538,167 /female 5,375,867)
65 years and over: 7.26% (male 4,079,513 /female 5,063,903) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 51.4 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 41.6 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.8 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 10.2 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 28.6 years
Male: 27.5 years
Female: 29.7 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 135

Population growth rate: 1.09% (2018 est.)
Rank: 101

Birth rate: 18.1 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 93

Death rate: 5.4 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 180

Net migration rate: -1.8 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 155

Population distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

Urbanization
Urban population: 80.2% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 1.59% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 21.581 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.023 million Guadalajara, 4.712 million Monterrey, 3.097 million Puebla, 2.354 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.058 million Tijuana (2018)

Environment
Current issues:
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 0.93 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.3 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 12.6 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 9.8 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 125

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.3 years (2018 est.)
Male: 73.5 years (2018 est.)
Female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 89

Total fertility rate: 2.22 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 94

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 66.9% (2015)

Drinking water source
Urban: 2.8% of population
Rural: 7.9% of population
Total: 3.9% of population (2015 est.)

Physicians density: 2.23 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 1.5 beds/1000 population (2015)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 12% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 25.5% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 14.8% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 85
People living with hivaids: 230,000 (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 25
Deaths: 4,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths rank: 35

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A (2016)
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2016): note: active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 28.9% (2016)
Rank: 29

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.9% (2015)
Rank: 89

Education expenditures: 5.3% of GDP (2014)
Rank: 60

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
Total population: 94.5% (2015 est.)
Male: 95.5% (2015 est.)
Female: 93.5% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years (2014)
Male: 13 years (2014)
Female: 13 years (2014)

Country name
Conventional long form: United Mexican States
Conventional short form: Mexico
Local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Local short form: Mexico
Etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

Government type: federal presidential republic

Capital
Name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)
Geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W
Time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October: note: Mexico has four time zones

Administrative divisions: 32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

Independence: 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917 (2018)
Amendments: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2017 (2018)

Legal system: civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: not specified
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)
Election results: Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA (PAN) 22.3%, Jose Antonio MEADE Kuribrena (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRIGUEZ Calderon 5.2% (independent), other 2.9%

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:: note: for the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts

Political parties and leaders: Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Dante DELGADO Rannaoro]Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Carlos Alberto PUENTE Salas]Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Andres Manuel LOPEZ Obrador]National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Damian ZEPEDA Vidales]New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA/PANAL [Luis CASTRO Obregon]Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Manuel GRANADOS]Social Encounter Party (Partido Encuentro Social) or PES [Hugo Eric FLORES Cervantes]

International organization participation: APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Geronimo GUTIERREZ Fernandez (since 24 April 2017)
In the us chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,006
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698
In the us consulate:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires John S. CREAMER (since 16 July 2018)
From the us embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 6,500 Mexico, Distrito Federal
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 9,000, Brownsville, TX 78,520-9,000
From the us telephone: (011) 52-55-5,080-2000
From the us fax: (011) 52-55-5,080-2005
From the us consulate: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

Flag description:

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: green, white, red

National anthem
Name: Himno Nacional Mexicano (National Anthem of Mexico)
Lyricsmusic: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA: note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as 'Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra' (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

Economy overview: Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy - 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile.Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts. Mexico has also issued permits for private sector import, distribution, and retail sales of refined petroleum products in an effort to attract private investment into the energy sector and boost production.Since 2013, Mexico’s economic growth has averaged 2% annually, falling short of private-sector expectations that President PENA NIETO’s sweeping reforms would bolster economic prospects. Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption. Mexico’s economy remains vulnerable to uncertainty surrounding the future of NAFTA — because the United States is its top trading partner and the two countries share integrated supply chains — and to potential shifts in domestic policies following the inauguration of a new a president in December 2018.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 11

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 152

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 90

Gross national saving:
Rank: 85

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 67% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.8% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 37.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -39.7% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 31.9% (2017 est.)
Services: 64.5% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood products

Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Industrial production growth rate: -0.6% (2017 est.)
Rank: 174

Labor force: 54.51 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 12
By occupation agriculture: 13.4%
By occupation industry: 24.1%
By occupation services: 61.9% (2011)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 42

Population below poverty line:

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 40% (2014)
Highest 10: 40% (2014)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 24

Budget
Revenues: 261.4 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 273.8 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 83

Taxes and other revenues: 22.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 131

Public debt:
Rank: 82

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 186

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 44

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 113

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 24

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 24

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 28

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 25

Current account balance:
Rank: 198

Exports:
Rank: 12
Partners: US 79.9% (2017)
Commodities: manufactured goods, electronics, vehicles and auto parts, oil and oil products, silver, plastics, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton; Mexico is the world's leading producer of silver

Imports:
Rank: 14
Commodities: metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, automobile parts for assembly and repair, aircraft, aircraft parts, plastics, natural gas and oil products
Partners: US 46.4%, China 17.7%, Japan 4.3% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 14

Debt external:
Rank: 28

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 16

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 25

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 1,231,667 (2012)
Access electrification total population: 99% (2012)
Access electrification urban areas: 100% (2012)
Access electrification rural areas: 97% (2012)
Production: 302.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 13
Consumption: 258.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 14
Exports: 7.308 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 27
Imports: 3.532 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 47
Installed generating capacity: 72.56 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 17
Generation sources fossil fuels: 71% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 106
Generation sources nuclear: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 27
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 17% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 96
Generation sources other renewable sources: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 82

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 1.981 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 12
Crude oil exports: 1.214 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 11
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 166
Crude oil proven reserves: 6.63 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 19

Refined petroleum
Products production: 844,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 23
Products consumption: 1.984 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption rank: 11
Products exports: 155,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports rank: 35
Products imports: 867,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports rank: 10

Natural gas
Production: 31.57 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 24
Consumption: 81.61 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 9
Exports: 36.81 million m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 51
Imports: 50.12 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 8
Proven reserves: 279.8 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 38

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 454.1 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 14

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 20,602,668 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 13
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 114,326,842 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 92 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 14

Telephone system
General assessment: adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable (2016)
Domestic: competition has spurred the mobile-cellular market; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 90 per 100 persons (2016)
International: country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2016)

Broadcast media
Date: (2016)

Internet
Country code: .mx
Users total: 73,334,032 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 59.5% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 7

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 17,131,820 (2017 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2017 est.)
Rank: 11

Military expenditures:
Rank: 142

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; conscripts serve only in the Army; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary; women are eligible for voluntary military service; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 21 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 357 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 45,560,063 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 713,985,467
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: XA (2016)

Airports: 1714 (2013)
Rank: 3
With paved runways total: 243 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 12 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 32 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 80 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 86 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 33 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 1471 (2013)
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 42 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 281 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1146 (2013)

Heliports: 1 (2013)

Pipelines: 14,739 km natural gas (2017), 10,365 km oil (2017), 8,946 km refined products (2016)

Railways
Total: 15,389 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 15,389 km
Note: 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified) (2014)
Rank: 19

Roadways
Total: 377,660 km (2012)
Paved: 137,544 km
Note: (includes 7,176 km of expressways) (2012)
Unpaved: 240,116 km (2012)
Rank: 20

Waterways: 2,900 km
Note: (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast) (2012)
Rank: 33

Merchant marine
Total: 622 (2017)
By type: bulk carrier 5, general cargo 9, oil tanker 32, other 576 (2017)
Rank: 33

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Veracruz
Oil terminal: Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal
Cruise port: Cancun, Cozumel, Ensenada
Container port: Manzanillo (2,580,660), Lazaro Cardenas (1,115,452) (2016)
LNG terminal: Altamira, Ensenada

Disputes international: abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangementsthe US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with MexicoMexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the USBelize and Mexico are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 32,922 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2018)
IDPs: 345,000 (governments quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and governments military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2017)
Stateless persons: 13 (2017)

Illicit drugs: major drug-producing and transit nation; Mexico is estimated to be the world's third largest producer of opium with poppy cultivation in 2015 estimated to be 28,000 hectares yielding a potential production of 475 metric tons of raw opium; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 95% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market