Background: British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy. After independence in 1960, politics were marked by coups and mostly military rule, until the death of a military head of state in 1998 allowed for a political transition. In 1999, a new constitution was adopted and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of institutionalizing democracy and reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history and the elections of 2011 were generally regarded as credible. The 2015 election is considered the most well run in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule, with the umbrella opposition party, the All Progressives Congress, defeating the long-ruling People's Democratic Party that had governed since 1999.

Geographic coordinates: 10 00 N, 8 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 923,768 km²
Land: 910,768 km²
Water: 13,000 km²
Rank: 33
Comparative: about six times the size of Georgia; slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries
Total: 4,477 km
Border countries: (4) Benin 809 km; , Cameroon 1975 km; , Chad 85 km; , Niger 1608 km

Coastline: 853 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Terrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north

Elevation
Mean elevation: 380 m
Elevation extremes: 0 m
Note: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean

Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 78% (2011 est.)
Forest: 9.5% (2011 est.)
Other: 12.5% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 2,930 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: periodic droughts; flooding

Geography
Note: the Niger River enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea

Population
Distribution: largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest:
Rank: 7
Growth rate: 2.54% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 21
Below poverty line: 70% (2010 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Nigerian(s)
Adjective: Nigerian

Ethnic groups:

Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, over 500 additional indigenous languages

Religions: Muslim 51.6%, Roman Catholic 11.2%, other Christian 35.7%, traditionalist .9%, unspecified .5% (2013 est.)

Demographic profile: Nigeria’s population is projected to grow from more than 186 million people in 2016 to 392 million in 2,050, becoming the world’s fourth most populous country. Nigeria’s sustained high population growth rate will continue for the foreseeable future because of population momentum and its high birth rate. Abuja has not successfully implemented family planning programs to reduce and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families.Nigeria needs to harness the potential of its burgeoning youth population in order to boost economic development, reduce widespread poverty, and channel large numbers of unemployed youth into productive activities and away from ongoing religious and ethnic violence. While most movement of Nigerians is internal, significant emigration regionally and to the West provides an outlet for Nigerians looking for economic opportunities, seeking asylum, and increasingly pursuing higher education. Immigration largely of West Africans continues to be insufficient to offset emigration and the loss of highly skilled workers. Nigeria also is a major source, transit, and destination country for forced labor and sex trafficking.

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.45% (male 44,087,799 /female 42,278,742)
15-24 years: 19.81% (male 20,452,045 /female 19,861,371)
25-54 years: 30.44% (male 31,031,253 /female 30,893,168)
55-64 years: 4.04% (male 4,017,658 /female 4,197,739)
65 years and over: 3.26% (male 3,138,206 /female 3,494,524) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 88.2 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 83 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 5.1 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 19.4 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 18.3 years
Male: 18.1 years
Female: 18.6 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 210

Population growth rate: 2.54% (2018 est.)
Rank: 21

Birth rate: 35.2 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 20

Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 46

Net migration rate: -0.2 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 110

Population distribution: largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest

Urbanization
Urban population: 50.3% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 13.463 million Lagos, 3.82 million Kano, 3.383 million Ibadan, 2.919 million ABUJA (capital), 2.343 million Port Harcourt, 1.628 million Benin City (2018)

Environment
Current issues: serious overpopulation and rapid urbanization have led to numerous environmental problems; urban air and water pollution; rapid deforestation; soil degradation; loss of arable land; oil pollution - water, air, and soil have suffered serious damage from oil spills
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth:

Infant mortality rate
Total: 63.3 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 69.1 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 57.3 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 13

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 59.3 years (2018 est.)
Male: 57.5 years (2018 est.)
Female: 61.1 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 211

Total fertility rate: 4.85 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 16

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 13.4% (2016/17)

Drinking water source
Urban: 19.2% of population
Rural: 42.7% of population
Total: 31.5% of population (2015 est.)

Physicians density: 0.38 physicians/1000 population (2009)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 67.2% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 74.6% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 71% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 2.8% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 20
People living with hivaids: 3.1 million (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 2
Deaths: 150,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths rank: 1

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2016)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever (2016)
Vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever (2016)
Water contact diseases: leptospirosis and schistosomiasis (2016)
Animal contact diseases: rabies (2016)
Respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)
Aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases: Lassa fever (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 8.9% (2016)
Rank: 145

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 31.5% (2016)
Rank: 8

Education expenditures
Note: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
Total population: 59.6% (2015 est.)
Male: 69.2% (2015 est.)
Female: 49.7% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 9 years (2011)
Male: 9 years (2011)
Female: 8 years (2011)

Country name
Conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Conventional short form: Nigeria
Etymology: named for the Niger River that flows through the west of the country to the Atlantic Ocean; from a native term Ni Gir meaning River Gir

Government type: federal presidential republic

Capital
Name: Abuja
Geographic coordinates: 9 05 N, 7 32 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions: 36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara

Independence: 1 October 1960 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day (National Day), 1 October (1960)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 5 May 1999, effective 29 May 1999 (2018)
Amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses and approval by the Houses of Assembly of at least two-thirds of the states; amendments to constitutional articles on the creation of a new state, fundamental constitutional rights, or constitution-amending procedures requires at least four-fifths majority vote by both houses of the National Assembly and approval by the Houses of Assembly in at least two-thirds of the states; passage of amendments limited to the creation of a new state require at least two-thirds majority by the proposing National Assembly house and approval by the Houses of Assembly in two-thirds of the states; amended several times, last in 2018 (2018)

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law (in 12 northern states), and traditional law

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Nigeria
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Maj. Gen. (ret.) Muhammadu BUHARI (since 29 May 2015); Vice President Oluyemi Yemi OSINBAJO (since 29 May 2015); note - the president is both chief of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces
Head of government: President Maj.Gen. (ret.) Muhammadu BUHARI (since 29 May 2015); Vice President Oluyemi Yemi OSINBAJO (since 29 May 2015)
Cabinet: Federal Executive Council appointed by the president but constrained constitutionally to include at least one member from each of the 36 states
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by qualified majority popular vote and at least 25% of the votes cast in 24 of Nigerias 36 states; president elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28-29 March 2015 (next to be held on 16 February 2019)
Election results: Muhammadu BUHARI elected president; percent of vote - Muhammadu BUHARI (APC) 54%, Goodluck JONATHAN (PDP) 45%, other 1%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 15 justices)
Judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a 23-member independent body of federal and state judicial officials; judge appointments confirmed by the Senate; judges serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; Federal High Court; High Court of the Federal Capital Territory; Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory; Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory; state court system similar in structure to federal system

Political parties and leaders: Accord Party or ACC [Mohammad Lawal MALADO]All Progressives Congress or APC [John Odigie OYEGUN]All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor C. UMEH]Democratic Peoples Party or DPP [Biodun OGUNBIYI]Labor Party or LP [Alhai Abdulkadir ABDULSALAM]Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Ali Modu SHERIFF]

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, D-8, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Sylvanus Adiewere NSOFOR (since 29 November 2017)
In the us chancery: 3,519 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 516-4,277
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 362-6,541
In the us consulate: Atlanta, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador W. Stuart SYMINGTON (since 1 December 2016)
From the us embassy: Plot 1075 Diplomatic Drive, Central District Area, Abuja
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 5,760, Garki, Abuja
From the us telephone: [234] (9) 461-4,000
From the us FAX: [234] (9) 461-4,036
From the us consulate: Lagos

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green; the color green represents the forests and abundant natural wealth of the country, white stands for peace and unity

National symbols: eagle; national colors: green, white

National anthem
Name: Arise Oh Compatriots, Nigerias Call Obey
Lyricsmusic: John A. ILECHUKWU, Eme Etim AKPAN, B.A. OGUNNAIKE, Sotu OMOIGUI and P.O. ADERIBIGBE/Benedict Elide ODIASE: note: adopted 1978; lyrics are a mixture of the five top entries in a national contest

Economy overview: Nigeria is Sub Saharan Africa’s largest economy and relies heavily on oil as its main source of foreign exchange earnings and government revenues. Following the 2008-09 global financial crises, the banking sector was effectively recapitalized and regulation enhanced. Since then, Nigeria’s economic growth has been driven by growth in agriculture, telecommunications, and services. Economic diversification and strong growth have not translated into a significant decline in poverty levels; over 62% of Nigeria's over 180 million people still live in extreme poverty.Despite its strong fundamentals, oil-rich Nigeria has been hobbled by inadequate power supply, lack of infrastructure, delays in the passage of legislative reforms, an inefficient property registration system, restrictive trade policies, an inconsistent regulatory environment, a slow and ineffective judicial system, unreliable dispute resolution mechanisms, insecurity, and pervasive corruption. Regulatory constraints and security risks have limited new investment in oil and natural gas, and Nigeria's oil production had been contracting every year since 2012 until a slight rebound in 2017.President BUHARI, elected in March 2015, has established a cabinet of economic ministers that includes several technocrats, and he has announced plans to increase transparency, diversify the economy away from oil, and improve fiscal management, but has taken a primarily protectionist approach that favors domestic producers at the expense of consumers. President BUHARI ran on an anti-corruption platform, and has made some headway in alleviating corruption, such as implementation of a Treasury Single Account that allows the government to better manage its resources and a more transparent government payroll and personnel system that eliminated duplicate and 'ghost workers.' The government also is working to develop stronger public-private partnerships for roads, agriculture, and power.Nigeria entered recession in 2016 as a result of lower oil prices and production, exacerbated by militant attacks on oil and gas infrastructure in the Niger Delta region, coupled with detrimental economic policies, including foreign exchange restrictions. GDP growth turned positive in 2017 as oil prices recovered and output stabilized.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 24

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 187

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 166

Gross national saving:
Rank: 110

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 80% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 5.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 14.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 11.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -13.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 21.1% (2016 est.)
Industry: 22.5% (2016 est.)
Services: 56.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: cocoa, peanuts, cotton, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (manioc, tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish

Industries: crude oil, coal, tin, columbite; rubber products, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

Industrial production growth rate: 2.2% (2017 est.)
Rank: 126

Labor force: 60.08 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 10
By occupation agriculture: 70%
By occupation industry: 10%
By occupation services: 20% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 178

Population below poverty line: 70% (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 38.2% (2010 est.)
Highest 10: 38.2% (2010 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 21

Budget
Revenues: 12.92 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 19.54 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 99

Taxes and other revenues: 3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 220

Public debt:
Rank: 185

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 213

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 96

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 25

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 58

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 58

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 58

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 51

Current account balance:
Rank: 21

Exports:
Rank: 154
Partners: India 30.6%, US 12.1%, Spain 6.6%, China 5.6%, France 5.5%, Netherlands 4.4%, Indonesia 4.4% (2017)
Commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber (2012 est.)

Imports:
Rank: 63
Commodities: machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals
Partners: China 21.1%, Belgium 8.7%, US 8.4%, South Korea 7.5%, UK 4.4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 45

Debt external:
Rank: 73

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 44

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 57

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 95.5 million (2013)
Access electrification total population: 45% (2013)
Access electrification urban areas: 55% (2013)
Access electrification rural areas: 37% (2013)
Production: 29.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 67
Consumption: 24.72 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 69
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 178
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 180
Installed generating capacity: 10.52 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 58
Generation sources fossil fuels: 80% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 83
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 157
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 91
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 203

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 1.946 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 13
Crude oil exports: 2.096 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 6
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 177
Crude oil proven reserves: 37.45 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 10

Refined petroleum
Products production: 35,010 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 83
Products consumption: 325,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 41
Products exports: 2,332 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 102
Products imports: 223,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 31

Natural gas
Production: 44.48 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 18
Consumption: 17.24 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 41
Exports: 27.21 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 13
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 169
Proven reserves: 5.475 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 8

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 104 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 42

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 139,344 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines date: (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 134
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 144,920,170 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 76 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 9

Telephone system
General assessment: further expansion and modernization of the fixed-line telephone network is needed; network quality remains a problem (2016)
Domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services growing rapidly, in part responding to the shortcomings of the fixed-line network; multiple cellular providers operate nationally with subscribership base over 80 per 100 persons (2016)
International: country code - 234; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2016)

Broadcast media: nearly 70 federal government-controlled national and regional TV stations; all 36 states operate TV stations; several private TV stations operational; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; network of federal government-controlled national, regional, and state radio stations; roughly 40 state government-owned radio stations typically carry their own programs except for news broadcasts; about 20 private radio stations; transmissions of international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet
Country code: .ng
Users total: 47,759,904 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 25.7% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 14

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 74,004 (2017 est.)
Date: (2017 est.)
Rank: 124

Military expenditures:
Rank: 146

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 16 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 73 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,223,459 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 22,400,657
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5N (2016)

Airports: 54 (2013)
Rank: 88
With paved runways total: 40 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 10 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 12 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 9 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 6 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 3 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 14 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 9 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 (2013)

Heliports: 5 (2013)

Pipelines: 124 km condensate, 4,045 km gas, 164 km liquid petroleum gas, 4,441 km oil, 3,940 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 3,798 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 293 km
Note: 1.067-m gauge (2014)
Narrow gauge: 3,505 km
Rank: 52

Roadways
Total: 193,200 km (2004)
Paved: 28,980 km (2004)
Unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)
Rank: 29

Waterways: 8,600 km
Note: (Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks) (2011)
Rank: 15

Merchant marine
Total: 583 (2017)
By type: general cargo 14, oil tanker 83, other 486 (2017)
Rank: 36

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Bonny Inshore Terminal, Calabar, Lagos
LNG terminal: Bonny Island

Disputes international: Joint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phaseout of Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issuesthe ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementationonly Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundarieslocation of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 30,024 (Cameroon) (2018)
IDPs: 2,026,602 (northeast Nigeria; Boko Haram attacks and counterinsurgency efforts in northern Nigeria; communal violence between Christians and Muslims in the middle belt region, political violence; flooding; forced evictions; cattle rustling; competition for resources) (2018)

Illicit drugs: a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity; Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in June 2006; Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF