Background: The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.

Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 30 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 468 km²
Land: 468 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 196
Comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries
Total: 118 km
Border countries: (2) France 55 km; , Spain 63 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Elevation
Mean elevation: 1996 m
Lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
Highest point: Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Land use
Agricultural land: 40% (2016 est.)
Forest: 34% (2016 est.)
Other: 26% (2016 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: avalanches

Geography
Note: landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees

Population
Distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions): 85,708 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 200
Growth rate: -0.01% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 195

Nationality
Noun: Andorran(s)
Adjective: Andorran

Ethnic groups:

Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant)

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.06% (male 6,197 /female 5,856)
15-24 years: 9.78% (male 4,344 /female 4,035)
25-54 years: 45.27% (male 19,813 /female 18,990)
55-64 years: 14.71% (male 6,674 /female 5,935)
65 years and over: 16.18% (male 7,047 /female 6,817) (2018 est.)

Median age
Total: 44.9 years (2018 est.)
Male: 45.1 years
Female: 44.8 years
Rank: 6

Population growth rate: -0.01% (2018 est.)
Rank: 195

Birth rate: 7.3 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 224

Death rate: 7.4 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 113

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 75

Population distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)

Urbanization
Urban population: 88% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.31% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 23,000 ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.6 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 3.6 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 3.5 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 195

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.9 years (2018 est.)
Male: 80.7 years
Female: 85.3 years
Rank: 8

Total fertility rate: 1.41 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 211

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure: 10.4% (2016)

Physicians density: 3.33 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 2.5 beds/1000 population (2009)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 25.6% (2016)
Rank: 49

Education expenditures: 3.2% of GDP (2017)
Rank: 129

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 100%
Male: 100%
Female: 100% (2016)

Country name
Conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
Conventional short form: Andorra
Local long form: Principat dAndorra
Local short form: Andorra
Etymology: the origin of the countrys name is obscure; the name may derive from the Arabic ad-darra meaning the forest, a reference to its location as part of the Spanish March (defensive buffer zone) against the invading Moors in the 8th century

Government type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains its chiefs of state in the form of a co-principality; the two princes are the President of France and Bishop of Seu d'Urgell, Spain

Capital
Name: Andorra la Vella
Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: etymology: translates as 'Andorra the Old' in Catalan

Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, La Massana, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Independence: 1278 (formed under the joint sovereignty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell)

National holiday: Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)

Constitution
History: drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993
Amendments: proposed by the coprinces jointly or by the General Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the General Council, ratification in a referendum, and sanctioning by the coprinces (2019)

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon (religious) law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: the mother must be an Andorran citizen or the father must have been born in Andorra and both parents maintain permanent residence in Andorra
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 25 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Co-prince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Patrick STROZDA (since 14 May 2017); and Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAURI (since 20 July 2012)
Head of government: Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (since 16 May 2019)
Cabinet: Executive Council of 12 ministers designated by the head of government
Electionsappointments: head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government
Election results: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 60.7%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies (parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list
Elections: last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, LA 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, LA 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 14, women 14, percent of women 50%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia dAndorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates - 2 appointed by the coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms
Subordinate courts: Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: CE, FAO, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10,017
In the us telephone: [1] (212) 750-8,064
In the us FAX: [1] (212) 750-6,630
From the us: the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the US Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda de Montcada, 23, 8,034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2,227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6,175

Flag description:

National symbols: red cow (breed unspecified); national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: El Gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne)
Lyricsmusic: Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS: note: adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative

Economy overview: Andorra has a developed economy and a free market, with per capita income above the European average and above the level of its neighbors, Spain and France. The country has developed a sophisticated infrastructure including a one-of-a-kind micro-fiber-optic network for the entire country. Tourism, retail sales, and finance comprise more than three-quarters of GDP. Duty-free shopping for some products and the country’s summer and winter resorts attract millions of visitors annually. Andorra uses the euro and is effectively subject to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Andorra's comparative advantage as a tax haven eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened and the government eased bank secrecy laws under pressure from the EU and OECD.Agricultural production is limited - only about 5% of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported, making the economy vulnerable to changes in fuel and food prices. The principal livestock is sheep. Manufacturing output and exports consist mainly of perfumes and cosmetic products, products of the printing industry, electrical machinery and equipment, clothing, tobacco products, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.To provide incentives for growth and diversification in the economy, the Andorran government began sweeping economic reforms in 2006. The Parliament approved three laws to complement the first phase of economic openness: on companies (October 2007), on business accounting (December 2007), and on foreign investment (April 2008 and June 2012). From 2011 to 2015, the Parliament also approved direct taxes in the form of taxes on corporations, on individual incomes of residents and non-residents, and on capital gains, savings, and economic activities. These regulations aim to establish a transparent, modern, and internationally comparable regulatory framework, in order to attract foreign investment and businesses that offer higher value added.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 186

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 203

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 32

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 11.9% (2015 est.)
Industry: 33.6% (2015 est.)
Services: 54.5% (2015 est.)

Agriculture products: small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables, tobacco; sheep, cattle

Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture

Industrial production growth rate
Note: NA

Labor force: 39,750 (2016)
Rank: 196
By occupation agriculture: 0.5%
By occupation industry: 4.4%
By occupation services: 95.1% (2015)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 44

Budget
Revenues: 1.872 billion (2016)
Expenditures: 2.06 billion (2016)
Surplus or deficit: -6.9% (of GDP) (2016)
Surplus or deficit rank: 192

Taxes and other revenues: 69% (of GDP) (2016)
Rank: 5

Public debt:
Rank: 122

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 1

Exports:
Rank: 200
Commodities: tobacco products, furniture

Imports:
Rank: 178
Commodities: consumer goods, food, fuel, electricity

Debt external: $0 (2016)
Rank: 203

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 99.48 million kWh (2015 est.)
Production rank: 201
Consumption: 221.6 million kWh (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 190
Exports: 6,000 kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 95
Imports: 471.3 million kWh (2015 est.)
Imports rank: 81
Installed generating capacity: 520,000 kW (2010 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 147
Generation sources fossil fuels: 61% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 126
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 36
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 23% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 82
Generation sources other renewable sources: 15% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 56

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2016)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 103
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day
Crude oil exports note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil exports rank: 84
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day
Crude oil imports note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil imports rank: 87
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl
Crude oil proven reserves note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 101

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2016)
Products production rank: 112

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³
Production note: (2016) (2016)
Production rank: 98
Consumption: 0 m³
Consumption note: (2016) (2016)
Consumption rank: 118
Exports: 0 m³
Exports note: (2016) (2016)
Exports rank: 60
Imports: 0 m³
Imports note: (2016) (2016)
Imports rank: 85
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (2016)
Proven reserves rank: 104

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 38,411
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 50 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 161
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 80,337
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 104 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 193

Telephone system
General assessment: modern automatic telephone system; broadband Internet and LTE mobile lines for both consumer and enterprise customers available (2019)
Domestic: 50 per 100 fixed-line, 45 per 100 mobile-cellular; modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges (2019)
International: country code - 376; landline circuits to France and Spain (2019)

Broadcast media: 1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .ad
Users total: 83,887
Users percent of population: 97.9% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 178

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 34,284
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 45 (2017 est.)
Rank: 137

Military and security forces: no regular military forces; Police Corps of Andorra

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C3 (2016)

Roadways
Total: 320 km (2019)
Rank: 195

Disputes international: none