Background: Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists heading for Virginia. Self-governing since 1620, Bermuda is the oldest and most populous of the British overseas territories. Vacationing to the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important to the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has also developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence from the UK was soundly defeated in 1995.

Geographic coordinates: 32 20 N, 64 45 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 54 km²
Land: 54 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 232
Comparative: about one-third the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 103 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200
Note: nm

Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions

Elevation
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Town Hill 79 m

Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use
Agricultural land: 14.8% (2011 est.)
Forest: 20% (2011 est.)
Other: 65.2% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land
Note: NA

Natural hazards: hurricanes (June to November)

Geography
Note: consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995

Population
Distribution: relatively even population distribution throughout: 71,176 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 203
Growth rate: 0.43% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 158
Below poverty line: 11% (2008 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Bermudian(s)
Adjective: Bermudian

Ethnic groups: African descent 53.8%, white 31%, mixed 7.5%, other 7.1%, unspecified 0.6% (2010 est.)

Languages: English (official), Portuguese

Religions: Protestant 46.2% (includes Anglican 15.8%, African Methodist Episcopal 8.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 6.7, Pentecostal 3.5%, Methodist 2.7%, Presbyterian 2.0%, Church of God 1.6%, Baptist 1.2%, Salvation Army 1.1%, Brethren 1.0%, other Protestant 2.0%), Roman Catholic 14.5%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other Christian 9.1%, Muslim 1%, other 3.9%, none 17.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.92% (male 6,088 /female 5,957)
15-24 years: 11.95% (male 4,306 /female 4,197)
25-54 years: 36.56% (male 13,049 /female 12,972)
55-64 years: 16.04% (male 5,383 /female 6,034)
65 years and over: 18.53% (male 5,596 /female 7,594) (2018 est.)

Median age
Total: 43.5 years (2018 est.)
Male: 41.5 years
Female: 45.4 years
Rank: 18

Population growth rate: 0.43% (2018 est.)
Rank: 158

Birth rate: 11.3 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 172

Death rate: 8.7 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 71

Net migration rate: 1.7 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 53

Population distribution: relatively even population distribution throughout

Urbanization
Urban population: 100% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.44% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 10,000 HAMILTON (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: dense population and heavy vehicle traffic create serious congestion and air pollution problems; water resources scarce (most obtained as rainwater or from wells); solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.5 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 2.6 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 2.4 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 217

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.5 years (2018 est.)
Male: 78.3 years
Female: 84.7 years
Rank: 26

Total fertility rate: 1.92 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 128

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Education expenditures: 1.5% of GDP (2017)
Rank: 171

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 11 years
Female: 12 years (2015)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bermuda
Former: Somers Islands
Etymology: the islands making up Bermuda are named after Juan de BERMUDEZ, an early 16th century Spanish sea captain and the first European explorer of the archipelago

Government type: parliamentary democracy; self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Capital
Name: Hamilton
Geographic coordinates: 32 17 N, 64 47 W
Time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November: etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON (ca. 1734-1796) who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788-1794

Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick

Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday: Bermuda Day, 24 May; note - formerly known as Victoria Day, Empire Day, and Commonwealth Day

Constitution
History: several previous (dating to 1684); latest entered into force 8 June 1968 (Bermuda Constitution Order 1968)
Amendments: proposal procedure - NA; passage by an Order in Council in the UK; amended several times, last in 2012 (2018)

Legal system: English common law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the UK
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor John RANKIN (since 5 December 2016)
Head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017)
Cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
Electionsappointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 1 associate justice); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the court of final appeal
Judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal justice appointed by the governor; justice tenure by individual appointment; Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission and appointed by the governor; judge tenure based on terms of appointment
Subordinate courts: commercial court (began in 2006); magistrates courts

Political parties and leaders: One Bermuda Alliance or OBA (vacant)Progressive Labor Party or PLP [E. David BURT]

International organization participation: Caricom (associate), ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), UPU, WCO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: none (overseas territory of the UK)
From the us chief of mission: Consul General Mary Ellen KOENIG (since 28 November 2015)
From the us telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate General Hamilton, US Department of State, 5,300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20,520-5,300
From the us FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592, 296-9,233
From the us consulate: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DVO3

Flag description:

National symbols: red lion

National anthem
Name: Hail to Bermuda
Lyricsmusic: Bette JOHNS: note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, 'God Save the Queen' is official (see United Kingdom)

Economy overview: International business, which consists primarily of insurance and other financial services, is the real bedrock of Bermuda's economy, consistently accounting for about 85% of the island's GDP. Tourism is the country’s second largest industry, accounting for about 5% of Bermuda's GDP but a much larger share of employment. Over 80% of visitors come from the US and the sector struggled in the wake of the global recession of 2008-09. Even the financial sector has lost roughly 5,000 high-paying expatriate jobs since 2008, weighing heavily on household consumption and retail sales. Bermuda must import almost everything. Agriculture and industry are limited due to the small size of the island.Bermuda's economy returned to negative growth in 2016, reporting a contraction of 0.1% GDP, after growing by 0.6% in 2015. Unemployment reached 7% in 2016 and 2017, public debt is growing and exceeds $2.4 billion, and the government continues to work on attracting foreign investment. Still, Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 172

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 198

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 6

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 51.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 15.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 13.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 49.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -30.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 5.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 93.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products, honey

Industries: international business, tourism, light manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate: 2% (2017 est.)
Rank: 129

Labor force: 33,480 (2016 est.)
Rank: 202
By occupation agriculture: 2%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 85% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 106

Population below poverty line: 11% (2008 est.)

Budget
Revenues: 999.2 million (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 1.176 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 127

Taxes and other revenues: 16.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 183

Public debt: 43% of GDP (FY14/15)
Rank: 117

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 96

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 118

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 67

Stock of domestic credit: NA

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 100

Current account balance:
Rank: 53

Exports:
Rank: 210
Partners: Jamaica 49.1%, Luxembourg 36.1%, US 4.9% (2017)
Commodities: reexports of pharmaceuticals

Imports:
Rank: 184
Commodities: clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals
Partners: US 72.1%, South Korea 9.7%, Canada 4.2% (2017)

Debt external:
Rank: 150

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 116

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 90

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 650 million kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 159
Consumption: 604.5 million kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 166
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 107
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 126
Installed generating capacity: 171,000 kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 169
Generation sources fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 3
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 50
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 158
Generation sources other renewable sources:
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 176

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 111
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 94
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 97
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 107

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 119
Products consumption: 5,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 178
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 131
Products imports: 3,939 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 178

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 105
Consumption: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 122
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 70
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 92
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 111

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 793,700 Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 174

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 21,883
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 173
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 64,997
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 92 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 198

Telephone system
General assessment: a good, fully automatic digital telephone system with fiber-optic trunk lines; telecom sector provides a relatively high contribution to overall GDP; numerous competitors licensed, but small and localized (2018)
Domestic: the system has a high fixed-line teledensity 31 per 100, coupled with a mobile-cellular teledensity of roughly 92 per 100 persons (2018)
International: country code - 1-441; landing points for the GlobeNet, Gemini Bermuda, CBUS, and the CB-1 submarine cables to the Caribbean, South America and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 (2019)

Broadcast media: 3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating

Internet
Country code: .bm
Users total: 69,126
Users percent of population: 98% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 180

Military and security forces: Royal Bermuda Regiment (2019)

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary male or female enlistment in the Bermuda Regiment; males must register at age 18 and may be subject to conscription; term of service is 38 months for volunteers or conscripts (2012)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: VP-B (2016)

Airports: 1 (2013)
Rank: 214
With paved runways total: 1 (2019)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1

Roadways
Total: 447 km (2010)
Paved: 447 km (2010): note: 225 km public roads; 222 km private roads
Rank: 191

Merchant marine
Total: 160
By type: bulk carrier 6, container ship 11, general cargo 1, oil tanker 19, other 123 (2018)
Rank: 68

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Hamilton, Ireland Island, Saint George

Disputes international: none