Background: Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy.

Geographic coordinates: 64 00 N, 26 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 338,145 km²
Land: 303,815 km²
Water: 34,330 km²
Rank: 66
Comparative: slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries
Total: 2,563 km
Border countries: (3) Norway 709 km; , Sweden 545 km; , Russia 1309 km

Coastline: 1250 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 12
Note: nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden Estonia and Russia

Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Elevation
Mean elevation: 164 m
Lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
Highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m

Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Land use
Agricultural land: 7.5% (2011 est.)
Forest: 72.9% (2011 est.)
Other: 19.6% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 690 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: severe winters in the north

Geography
Note: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Population
Distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated: 5,537,364 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 117
Growth rate: 0.33% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 167

Nationality
Noun: Finn(s)
Adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups: Finn, Swede, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami

Languages: Finnish (official) 87.6%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.4%, other 5.8% (2018 est.)

Religions: Lutheran 69.8%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2018 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.44% (male 465,298 /female 445,186)
15-24 years: 11.21% (male 317,500 /female 303,326)
25-54 years: 37.64% (male 1,064,751 /female 1,019,748)
55-64 years: 13.19% (male 359,434 /female 370,993)
65 years and over: 21.51% (male 519,775 /female 671,353) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 57.9 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 25.9 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 32 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.1 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.6 years (2018 est.)
Male: 41 years
Female: 44.3 years
Rank: 27

Population growth rate: 0.33% (2018 est.)
Rank: 167

Birth rate: 10.7 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 183

Death rate: 10.1 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 35

Net migration rate: 2.8 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 41

Population distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated

Urbanization
Urban population: 85.4% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 1.292 million HELSINKI (capital) (2019)

Environment
Current issues: limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.8 years (2015 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.5 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 2.7 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 2.4 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 218

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.1 years (2018 est.)
Male: 78.1 years
Female: 84.2 years
Rank: 33

Total fertility rate: 1.75 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 160

Contraceptive prevalence rate:

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure: 9.5% (2016)

Physicians density: 3.81 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 4.4 beds/1000 population (2015)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0.6% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 12% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 2.4% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2018)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 122
People living with hivaids: 4,000 (2018)
People living with hivaids rank: 123
Deaths note: <100 (2018)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.2% (2016)
Rank: 80

Education expenditures: 6.9% of GDP (2016)
Rank: 14

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 19 years
Male: 19 years
Female: 20 years (2016)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Finland
Conventional short form: Finland
Local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
Local short form: Suomi/Finland
Etymology: name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Helsinki
Geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish 'helsing,' an archaic name for 'neck' ('hals'), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; 'fors' refers to 'rapids,' so 'helsing fors' meaning becomes 'the narrows' rapids'

Administrative divisions: 19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution
History: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared urgent by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)

Legal system: civil law system based on the Swedish model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)
Head of government: Prime Minister Sanna MARIN (since 10 December 2019)
Cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 January 2018 (next to be held in January 2024); prime minister appointed by Parliament
Election results: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019)
Elections: last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023) (e.g. 2019)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party 13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 107, women 93, percent of women 46.5% (e.g. 2019)

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
Subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

Political parties and leaders: Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA]Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH]Finns Party or PS [Jussi HALLA-AHO]Green League or Vihr [Pekka HAAVISTO]Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]]National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO]Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE]Swedish People's Party or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 3,301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,800
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 298-6,030
In the us consulate: Los Angeles, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Robert Bob Frank PENCE (since 24 May 2018)
From the us telephone: [358] (9) 6,162-50
From the us embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
From the us mailing address: APO AE 9,723
From the us FAX: [358] (9) 6,162-5,135

Flag description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter

National symbols: lion; national colors: blue, white

National anthem
Name: Maamme (Our Land)
Lyricsmusic: Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS: note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

Economy overview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment.Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years.Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 62

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 122

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 38

Gross national saving:
Rank: 73

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 54.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 22.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -38.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 69.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Industries: metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Industrial production growth rate: 6.2% (2017 est.)
Rank: 39

Labor force: 2.473 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 115
By occupation agriculture: 4%
By occupation industry: 20.7%
By occupation services: 75.3% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 121

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 6.7%
Highest 10: 45.2% (2013)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 144

Budget
Revenues: 134.2 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 135.6 billion (2017 est.): note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting
Surplus or deficit: -0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 64

Taxes and other revenues: 53.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 11

Public debt:
Rank: 72

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 41

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 131

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 188

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 28

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 28

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 34

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 32

Current account balance:
Rank: 42

Exports:
Rank: 43
Partners: Germany 14.2%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.8%, China 5.7%, Russia 5.7%, UK 4.5% (2017)
Commodities: electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber

Imports:
Rank: 47
Commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains
Partners: Germany 17.7%, Sweden 15.8%, Russia 13.1%, Netherlands 8.7% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 73

Debt external:
Rank: 42

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 40

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 29

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 66.54 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 43
Consumption: 82.79 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 35
Exports: 3.159 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 43
Imports: 22.11 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 8
Installed generating capacity: 16.27 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 50
Generation sources fossil fuels: 41% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 165
Generation sources nuclear: 17% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 12
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 88
Generation sources other renewable sources: 23% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 30

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 138
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 125
Crude oil imports: 236,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 27
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 133

Refined petroleum
Products production: 310,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 40
Products consumption: 217,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption rank: 55
Products exports: 166,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports rank: 34
Products imports: 122,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports rank: 48

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 134
Consumption: 2.35 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 81
Exports: 4 million m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 54
Imports: 2.322 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 49
Proven reserves note: NA m³ (1 January 2016 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 46.01 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 64

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 378,200
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 104
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 7,307,800
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 104

Telephone system
General assessment: modern system with excellent service; one of the most progressive in Europe; one of the highest broadband and mobile penetrations rates in the region; forefront in testing 5G networks; for 2025 and 2,030 FttP (fiber to the home) and DOCSIS3.1 (new generation of cable services for high speed connections) technologies (2018)
Domestic: digital fiber-optic, fixed-line 7 per 100 subscription; 132 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018)
International: country code - 358; landing points for Botnia, BCS North-1 & 2, SFL, SFS-4, C-Lion1, Eastern Lights, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, FEC, and EESF-2 & 3 submarine cables provide links to many Finland points, Estonia, Sweden, Germany, and Russia; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)

Broadcast media: a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio

Internet
Country code: .finote - Aland Islands assigned .ax
Users total: 4,822,132
Users percent of population: 87.7% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 77

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,709,400
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2017 est.)
Rank: 56

Military expenditures:
Rank: 95

Military and security forces: Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2019)

Military service age and obligation: all Finnish men are called-up for military service the year they turn 18; at 18, women may volunteer for military service; service obligation 6-12 months; individuals enter the reserve upon completing their initial obligation; military obligation to age 60 (2016)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 73 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 9,972,333 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 713.484 million
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OH (2016)

Airports: 148 (2013)
Rank: 39
With paved runways total: 74 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 26 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 10 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 21 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 14 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 74 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 71 (2013)

Pipelines: 1288 km gas transmission pipes, 1976 km distribution pipes (2016)

Railways
Total: 5,926 km (2016)
Broad gauge: 5,926 km
Note: 1.524-m gauge (3,270 km electrified) (2016)
Rank: 32

Roadways
Total: 454,000 km (2012)
Highways: 78,000 km
Note: (50,000 paved including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved) (2012)
Private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012)
Urban: 26,000 km (2012)
Rank: 16

Waterways: 8,000 km
Note: (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)
Rank: 17

Merchant marine
Total: 259
By type: bulk carrier 7, container ship 1, general cargo 88, oil tanker 4, other 159 (2018)
Rank: 57

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

Disputes international: various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 8,523 (Iraq) (2018)
Stateless persons: 2,759 (2018)