Background: Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000.

Geographic coordinates: 28 00 N, 3 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 2,381,740 km²
Land: 2,381,740 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 11
Comparative: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 6,734 km
Border countries: (7) Libya 989 km; , Mali 1359 km; , Mauritania 460 km; , Morocco 1900 km; , Niger 951 km; , Tunisia 1034 km; , Western Sahara 41 km

Coastline: 998 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Elevation
Mean elevation: 800 m
Lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m
Highest point: Tahat 2,908 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc

Land use
Agricultural land: 17.4% (2016 est.)
Forest: 0.8% (2016 est.)
Other: 81.8% (2016 est.)

Irrigated land: 13,600 km² (2014)

Natural hazards: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts

Geography
Note: largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated

Population
Distribution rank: population distribution map: 42,972,878 (July 2020 est.)
Rank: 35
Growth rate: 1.52% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 66
Below poverty line: 23% (2006 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Algerian(s)
Adjective: Algerian

Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
Note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools

Languages: Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)

Religions: Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian and Jewish) <1% (2012 est.)

Demographic profile: For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. Later marriages and a preference for smaller families are attributed to increases in women's education and participation in the labor market; higher unemployment; and a shortage of housing forcing multiple generations to live together. The average woman's age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s.

Age structure
0-14 years: 29.58% (male 6,509,490/female 6,201,450)
15-24 years: 13.93% (male 3,063,972/female 2,922,368)
25-54 years: 42.91% (male 9,345,997/female 9,091,558)
55-64 years: 7.41% (male 1,599,369/female 1,585,233)
65 years and over: 6.17% (male 1,252,084/female 1,401,357) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 60.1
Youth dependency ratio: 49.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 10.8
Potential support ratio: 9.3 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 28.9 years
Male: 28.6 years
Female: 29.3 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 139

Population growth rate: 1.52% (2020 est.)
Rank: 66

Birth rate: 20 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 75

Death rate: 4.4 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 207

Net migration rate: -0.9 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 136

Population distribution
Rank: population distribution map

Urbanization
Urban population: 73.7% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 2.46% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 2.768 million ALGIERS (capital), 899,000 Oran (2020)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 17.6 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 19.1 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 16 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 84

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.5 years
Male: 76.1 years
Female: 79.1 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 77

Total fertility rate: 2.59 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 66

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 57.1% (2012/13)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0.8% of population
Rural: 2.1% of population
Total: 1.1% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.4% (2017)

Physicians density: 1.79 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 1.9 beds/1000 population (2015)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 3.1% of population
Rural: 6.6% of population
Total: 4% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: <.1% (2019 est.)
People living with hivaids: 22,000 (2019 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 84
Deaths note: <200 (2019 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 27.4% (2016)
Rank: 38

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3% (2012)
Rank: 99

Education expenditures
Note: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 81.4%
Male: 87.4%
Female: 75.3% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2011)

Country name
Conventional long form: Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria
Conventional short form: Algeria
Local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jazairiyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah
Local short form: Al Jazair
Etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Algiers

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Algiers
Geographic coordinates: 36 45 N, 3 03 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: name derives from the Arabic 'al-Jazair' meaning 'the islands' and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525

Administrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen

Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1962); Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest approved by referendum 23 February 1989
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens’ liberties and rights cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2008, 2016

Legal system: mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: the mother must be a citizen of Algeria
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019)
Head of government: Abdelaziz DJERAD (since 28 December 2019)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister nominated by the president after consultation with the majority party in Parliament
Election results: Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (NLF) 58.1%, Abdelkader BENGRINA (Movement of National Construction) 17.4%, Ali BENFLIS (Vanguard of Freedoms) 10.6%, Azzedine MIHOUBI (RND) 7.3%, Abdelaziz BELAID (Future Front) 6.7%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Suprême, (consists of 150 judges organized into 8 chambers: Civil, Commercial and Maritime,
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 4 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 2 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years
Subordinate courts: appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals

Political parties and leaders: Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL]Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI]Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI]Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]Movement of National Understanding or MENMovement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI]National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI]National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI]Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID]Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL]Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul]Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]Vanguard of Freedoms (Talaie El Houriat) [Ali BENFLIS]Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]
Note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Madjid BOUGUERRA (since 23 February 2015)
In the us chancery: 2,118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 265-2,800
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 986-5,906
In the us consulate: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador John P. DESROCHER (since 5 September 2017)
From the us telephone: [213] (0) 770-08-2000
From the us embassy: 05 Chemin Cheikh Bachir, Ibrahimi, El-Biar 16,030, Alger
From the us mailing address: B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16,030 Algiers
From the us FAX: [213] (0) 770-08-2,064

Flag description: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness

National symbols: five-pointed star between the extended horns of a crescent moon, fennec fox; national colors: green, white, red

National anthem
Name: Kassaman (We Pledge)
Lyricsmusic: Mufdi ZAKARIAH/Mohamed FAWZI
Note: adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote 'Kassaman' as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 158

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Rank: 88

Gross national saving:
Rank: 13

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 42.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 38.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 11.2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 23.6% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 13.3% (2017 est.)
Industry: 39.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 47.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle

Industries: petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing

Industrial production growth rate: 0.6% (2017 est.)
Rank: 164

Labor force: 10.859 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 48
By occupation agriculture: 10.8%
By occupation industry: 30.9%
By occupation services: 58.4% (2011 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 160

Population below poverty line: 23% (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.8%
Highest 10: 26.8% (1995)

Budget
Revenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 70.2 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -9.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 207

Taxes and other revenues: 32.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 67

Public debt:
Note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt
Rank: 170

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 105

Current account balance:
Rank: 198

Exports:
Rank: 66
Partners: Italy 17.4%, Spain 13%, France 11.9%, US 9.4%, Brazil 6.2%, Netherlands 5.5% (2017)
Commodities: petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% (2009 est.)

Imports:
Rank: 60
Commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Partners: China 18.2%, France 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7%, Spain 6.9%, Turkey 4.4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 26

Debt external:
Rank: 128

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 99.4% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 99.6% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 97% (2019)
Production: 66.89 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 42
Consumption: 55.96 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 46
Exports: 641 million kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 65
Imports: 257 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 91
Installed generating capacity: 19.27 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 45
Generation sources fossil fuels: 96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 35
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 34
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 144
Generation sources other renewable sources: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 130

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 1.259 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 18
Crude oil exports: 756,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 15
Crude oil imports: 5,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 75
Crude oil proven reserves: 12.2 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 15

Refined petroleum
Products production: 627,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 29
Products consumption: 405,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 37
Products exports: 578,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 15
Products imports: 82,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 61

Natural gas
Production: 93.5 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 10
Consumption: 41.28 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 25
Exports: 53.88 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 7
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 83
Proven reserves: 4.504 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 10

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 135.9 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 34

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 4,558,502
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10.77 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 30
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 46,287,629
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 109.36 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 32

Broadcast media: state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations

Internet
Country code: .dz
Users total: 24,819,531
Users percent of population: 59.58% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 31

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 3,067,022
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2018 est.)
Rank: 43

Military expenditures:
Rank: 3

Military and security forces: Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes coast guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard; National Gendarmerie (subordinate to the Ministry of National Defense); Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (2020)

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service; conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2019)

Terrorist groups: al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) - Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in a title='Appendix-T' href='../appendix/appendix-t.html'>Appendix T/a>

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 87
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,442,442 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 28.28 million
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 7T (2016)

Airports: 149 (2020)
Rank: 36
With paved runways total: 67 (2020)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 14
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 27
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 18
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 6
With paved runways under 914 m: 2
With unpaved runways total: 82 (2020)
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 16
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 36
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 28

Heliports: 3 (2013)

Pipelines: 2,600 km condensate, 16,415 km gas, 3,447 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,036 km oil, 144 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 3,973 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 2,888 km
Note: 1.055-m gauge (2014)
Narrow gauge: 1085 km
Rank: 50

Roadways
Total: 104,000 km (2015)
Paved: 71,656 km (2015)
Unpaved: 32,344 km (2015)
Rank: 46

Merchant marine
Total: 114
By type: bulk carrier 2, general cargo 11, oil tanker 10, other 91 (2019)
Rank: 83

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda
LNG terminal: Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda

Disputes international: Algeria and many other states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the 'Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic' which Algeria recognizes; the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 km² of southeastern Algeria and the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco.

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: more than 100,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2018); 7,757 (Syria) (2019)