Background: The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique coprincipality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.

Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 30 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 468 km²
Land: 468 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 195
Comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries
Total: 118 km
Border countries: (2) France 55 km; , Spain 63 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Elevation
Mean elevation: 1996 m
Lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
Highest point: Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Land use
Agricultural land: 40% (2016 est.)
Forest: 34% (2016 est.)
Other: 26% (2016 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: avalanches

Geography
Note: landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees

Population
Distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions): 77,000 (2019 est.)
Rank: 200
Growth rate: -0.06% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 199

Nationality
Noun: Andorran(s)
Adjective: Andorran

Ethnic groups: Andorran 48.8%, Spanish 25.1%, Portuguese 12%, French 4.4%, other 9.7% (2017 est.)
Note: data represent population by nationality

Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant)

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.37% (male 5,901/female 5,551)
15-24 years: 10.16% (male 4,474/female 4,227)
25-54 years: 43.19% (male 18,857/female 18,131)
55-64 years: 15.91% (male 7,184/female 6,443)
65 years and over: 17.36% (male 7,544/female 7,323) (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 46.2 years
Male: 46.3 years
Female: 46.1 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 6

Population growth rate: -0.06% (2020 est.)
Rank: 199

Birth rate: 7 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 226

Death rate: 7.7 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 99

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 74

Population distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)

Urbanization
Urban population: 87.9% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.31% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 23,000 ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.5 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 3.5 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 3.5 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 196

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 83 years
Male: 80.8 years
Female: 85.4 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 9

Total fertility rate: 1.43 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 212

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 10.3% (2017)

Physicians density: 3.33 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 2.5 beds/1000 population (2009)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 25.6% (2016)
Rank: 49

Education expenditures: 3.2% of GDP (2019)
Rank: 124

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 100%
Male: 100%
Female: 100% (2016)

Country name
Conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
Conventional short form: Andorra
Local long form: Principat dAndorra
Local short form: Andorra
Etymology: the origin of the countrys name is obscure; the name may derive from the Arabic ad-darra meaning the forest, a reference to its location as part of the Spanish March (defensive buffer zone) against the invading Moors in the 8th century

Government type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains its chiefs of state in the form of a co-principality; the two princes are the President of France and Bishop of Seu d'Urgell, Spain

Capital
Name: Andorra la Vella
Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: etymology: translates as 'Andorra the Old' in Catalan

Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, La Massana, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Independence: 1278 (formed under the joint sovereignty of the French Count of Foix and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell)

National holiday: Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)

Constitution
History: drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993
Amendments: proposed by the coprinces jointly or by the General Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the General Council, ratification in a referendum, and sanctioning by the coprinces

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon (religious) law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: the mother must be an Andorran citizen or the father must have been born in Andorra and both parents maintain permanent residence in Andorra
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 25 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Co-prince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Patrick STROZDA (since 14 May 2017); and Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Josep Maria MAURI (since 20 July 2012)
Head of government: Head of Government (or Cap de Govern) Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (since 16 May 2019)
Cabinet: Executive Council of 12 ministers designated by the head of government
Electionsappointments: head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the coprinces for a 4-year term; election last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023); the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government
Election results: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 60.7%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies (parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list
Elections: last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, LA 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, LA 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 14, women 14, percent of women 50%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia dAndorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates - 2 appointed by the coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms
Subordinate courts: Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts

Political parties and leaders: Democrats for Andorra or DA [Xaviar ESPOT ZAMORA]Social Democratic Party or PS [Vicenc ALFY FERRER]Liberals of Andorra or L'A [Jordi GALLARDO FERNANDEZ]Third Way/Lauredian Union [Josep PINTAT FORNE]Social Democracy and Progress or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]United for the Progress of Andorra or UPA [Alfons CLAVERA ARIZTI]
Note: Andorra has several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)

International organization participation: CE, FAO, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Elisenda VIVES BALMANA (since 2 March 2016)
In the us chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10,017
In the us telephone: [1] (212) 750-8,064
In the us FAX: [1] (212) 750-6,630
From the us: the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the US Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda de Montcada, 23, 8,034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2,227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6,175

Flag description: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection
Note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

National symbols: red cow (breed unspecified); national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: El Gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne)
Lyricsmusic: Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS
Note: adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 200

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 30

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 11.9% (2015 est.)
Industry: 33.6% (2015 est.)
Services: 54.5% (2015 est.)

Agriculture products: small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables, tobacco; sheep, cattle

Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture

Industrial production growth rate
Note: NA

Labor force: 39,750 (2016)
Rank: 195
By occupation agriculture: 0.5%
By occupation industry: 4.4%
By occupation services: 95.1% (2015)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 53

Budget
Revenues: 1.872 billion (2016)
Expenditures: 2.06 billion (2016)
Surplus or deficit: -6.9% (of GDP) (2016)
Surplus or deficit rank: 192

Taxes and other revenues: 69% (of GDP) (2016)
Rank: 5

Public debt:
Rank: 122

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 6

Exports:
Rank: 202
Commodities: tobacco products, furniture

Imports:
Rank: 179
Commodities: consumer goods, food, fuel, electricity

Debt external: $0 (2016)
Rank: 203

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 99.48 million kWh (2015 est.)
Production rank: 201
Consumption: 221.6 million kWh (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 190
Exports: 6,000 kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 95
Imports: 471.3 million kWh (2015 est.)
Imports rank: 81
Installed generating capacity: 520,000 kW (2010 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 147
Generation sources fossil fuels: 61% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 125
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 36
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 23% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 82
Generation sources other renewable sources: 15% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 56

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2016)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 103
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day
Crude oil exports note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil exports rank: 84
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day
Crude oil imports note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil imports rank: 87
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl
Crude oil proven reserves note: (2016) (2016)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 101

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2016)
Products production rank: 112

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³
Production note: (2016) (2016)
Production rank: 98
Consumption: 0 m³
Consumption note: (2016) (2016)
Consumption rank: 118
Exports: 0 m³
Exports note: (2016) (2016)
Exports rank: 60
Imports: 0 m³
Imports note: (2016) (2016)
Imports rank: 85
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (2016)
Proven reserves rank: 104

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 44,050
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 51.41 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 160
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 97,645
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 113.96 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 193

Broadcast media: 1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .ad
Users total: 78,483
Users percent of population: 91.57% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 182

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 35,663
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2018 est.)
Rank: 139

Military and security forces: no regular military forces; Police Corps of Andorra

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C3 (2016)

Roadways
Total: 320 km (2019)
Rank: 201

Disputes international: none