Background: Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a 'Greater Serbia.' In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called 'Bonn Powers.' An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently, EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a security assistance and training capacity.

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 51,197 km²
Land: 51,187 km²
Water: 10 km²
Rank: 128
Comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries
Total: 1543 km
Border countries: (3) Croatia 956 km; , Montenegro 242 km; , Serbia 345 km

Coastline: 20 km

Maritime claims: NA

Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain: mountains and valleys

Elevation
Mean elevation: 500 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Natural resources: coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 42.2% (2011 est.)
Forest: 42.8% (2011 est.)
Other: 15% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 30 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east

Population
Distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated: 3,835,586 (July 2020 est.)
Rank: 131
Growth rate: -0.19% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 207
Below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
Adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic groups: Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)
Note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Languages: Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)

Religions: Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.18% (male 261,430/female 244,242)
15-24 years: 10.83% (male 214,319/female 201,214)
25-54 years: 44.52% (male 859,509/female 848,071)
55-64 years: 15.24% (male 284,415/female 300,168)
65 years and over: 16.22% (male 249,624/female 372,594) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 48
Youth dependency ratio: 21.5
Elderly dependency ratio: 26.5
Potential support ratio: 3.8 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 43.3 years
Male: 41.6 years
Female: 44.8 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 27

Population growth rate: -0.19% (2020 est.)
Rank: 207

Birth rate: 8.6 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 213

Death rate: 10.2 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 33

Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 121

Population distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 49% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.55% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 343,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2020)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.3 years (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.2 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 5.3 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 5.1 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 174

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.5 years
Male: 74.5 years
Female: 80.7 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 79

Total fertility rate: 1.33 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 220

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 45.8% (2011/12)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0.1% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0.1% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 8.9% (2017)

Physicians density: 2.16 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 3.5 beds/1000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 1.1% of population
Rural: 7.9% of population
Total: 4.5% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: <.1% (2018)
People living with hivaids note: <500 (2018)
Deaths note: <100 (2018)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 17.9% (2016)
Rank: 118

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.6% (2012)
Rank: 118

Education expenditures
Note: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.5%
Male: 99.5%
Female: 97.5% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2014)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Local long form: none
Local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
Former: Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Abbreviation: BiH
Etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word herzog, meaning duke, and the ending -ovina, meaning land, forming the combination denoting dukedom

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Sarajevo
Geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun 'saray,' meaning 'palace' or 'mansion,' and the term 'ova,' signifying 'plain(s),' to give a meaning of 'palace plains' or 'the plains about the palace'

Administrative divisions: 3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

Independence: 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity
Note: there is no national-level holiday

Constitution
History: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution
Amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 (2016)

Legal system: civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Milorad DODIK (chairman since 20 November 2020; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Serb seat); Sefik DZAFEROVIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Bosniak seat); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat)
Head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran TEGELTIJA  (since 5 December 2019)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives
Electionsappointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives
Election results: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat
Note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpskas National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for a Better Future of BiH or SBB BiH [Fahrudin RADONCIC]Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]Alternative Party for Democratic Activity or A-SDA [Nermin OGRESEVIC]Croat Peasants' Party or HSS [Mario KARAMATIC]Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDU-BiH [Miro GRABOVAC-TITAN]Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ-1990 [Ilija CVITANOVIC]Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starcevic or HSP-AS Bih [Karlo STARCEVIC]Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Nedeljko CUBRILOVIC]Democratic Front of DF [Zeljko KOMSIC]Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]Independent Bloc or NB [Senad SEPIC]Movement for Democratic Action or PDA [Mirsad KUKIC]Progressive Srpska or NS [Goran DORDIC]Our Party or NS/HC [Predrag KOJOVIC]Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Bakir IZETBEGOVIC]Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Branislav BORENOVIC]People's Democratic Movement or NDP [Dragan CAVIC]Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Vukota GOVEDARICA]Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Vojislav SESELJ] (members joined the PDP)Social Democratic Party or SDP [Nermin NIKSIC]Socialist Party or SP [Petar DOKIC]United Srpska or US [Nenad STEVANDIC]

International organization participation: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Bojan VUJIC (since 16 September 2019)
In the us chancery: 2,109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
In the us consulate: Chicago, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Eric NELSON (since 19 February 2019)
From the us telephone: [387] (33) 704-000
From the us embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71,000 Sarajevo
From the us mailing address: use embassy street address
From the us FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
From the us branch office: Banja Luka, Mostar

Flag description: a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

National symbols: golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

National anthem
Name: Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Lyricsmusic: none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC
Note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 and others in 2016 were not approved; a parliamentary committee launched a new initiative for lyrics in February 2018

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 98

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars
Rank: 142

Gross national saving:
Rank: 158

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 77.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.1% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.9% (2017 est.)
Services: 64.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2017 est.)
Rank: 102

Labor force: 806,000 (2020 est.)
Rank: 145
By occupation agriculture: 18%
By occupation industry: 30.4%
By occupation services: 51.7% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy
Rank: 210

Population below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.9%
Highest 10: 25.8% (2011 est.)

Budget
Revenues: 7.993 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 7.607 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: 2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 15

Taxes and other revenues: 44% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 26

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.
Rank: 130

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 74

Current account balance:
Rank: 138

Exports:
Rank: 102
Partners: Germany 14.7%, Croatia 11.8%, Italy 11.1%, Serbia 10%, Slovenia 9%, Austria 8.3% (2017)
Commodities: metals, clothing, wood products

Imports:
Rank: 99
Commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Partners: Germany 11.6%, Italy 11.3%, Serbia 11.1%, Croatia 10.1%, China 6.5%, Slovenia 5%, Russia 4.7%, Turkey 4.2% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 90

Debt external:
Rank: 111

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 16.99 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 86
Consumption: 11.87 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 89
Exports: 6.007 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 31
Imports: 3.084 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 49
Installed generating capacity: 4.676 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 83
Generation sources fossil fuels: 49% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 152
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 53
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 35
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 148

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 113
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 96
Crude oil imports: 18,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 64
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 109

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 121
Products consumption: 32,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 118
Products exports: 4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 92
Products imports: 18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 129

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 107
Consumption: 226.5 million m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 103
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 72
Imports: 226.5 million m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 70
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 113

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 22.07 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 84

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 920,407
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23.95 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 77
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 4,300,743
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 111.91 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 126

Broadcast media: 3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations

Internet
Country code: .ba
Users total: 2,699,544
Users percent of population: 70.12% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 104

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 693,554
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2018 est.)
Rank: 77

Military expenditures:
Rank: 126

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2019)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)

Terrorist groups: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2019)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in a title='Appendix-T' href='../appendix/appendix-t.html'>Appendix-T/a>

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T9 (2016)

Airports: 24 (2013)
Rank: 129
With paved runways total: 7 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 4 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 2 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 17 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 (2013)

Heliports: 6 (2013)

Pipelines: 147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)

Railways
Total: 965 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 965 km
Note: 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)
Rank: 90

Roadways
Total: 22,926 km (2010)
Paved: 19,426 km
Note: (4,652 km of interurban roads) (2010)
Unpaved: 3,500 km (2010)
Rank: 109

Waterways
Note: (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited) (2011)

Ports and terminals
River port: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)

Disputes international: Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 5,116 (Croatia) (2019)
IDPs: 99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2019)
Stateless persons: 75 (2019): note: 69,102 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2020)

Illicit drugs: increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption