Background: Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced an Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. With hostilities ended and Argentine forces withdrawn, UK administration resumed. In response to renewed calls from Argentina for Britain to relinquish control of the islands, a referendum was held in March 2013, which resulted in 99.8% of the population voting to remain a part of the UK.

Geographic coordinates: 51 45 S, 59 00 W

Map reference: South America

Area
Total: 12,173 km²
Land: 12,173 km²
Water: 0 km²
Note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands
Rank: 163
Comparative: slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 1288 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200
Note: nm

Climate: cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Terrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains

Elevation
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Natural resources: fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss

Land use
Agricultural land: 92.4% (2011 est.)
Forest: 0% (2011 est.)
Other: 7.6% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land
Note: NA

Natural hazards: strong winds persist throughout the year

Geography
Note: deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season

Population
Distribution: a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley: 3,198 (2016 est.)
Note: data include all persons usually resident in the islands at the time of the 2016 census
Rank: 228
Growth rate: 0.01% (2014 est.)
Growth rate rank: 189
Below poverty line note: NA

Nationality
Noun: Falkland Islander(s)
Adjective: Falkland Island

Ethnic groups: Falkland Islander 48.3%, British 23.1%, St. Helenian 7.5%, Chilean 4.6%, mixed 6%, other 8.5%, unspecified 2% (2016 est.)

Languages: English 89%, Spanish 7.7%, other 3.3% (2006 est.)

Religions: Christian 57.1%, other 1.6%, none 35.4%, unspecified 6% (2016 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.01% (2014 est.)
Rank: 189

Birth rate: 10.9 births/1000 population (2012 est.)
Rank: 180

Death rate: 4.9 deaths/1000 population (2012 est.)
Rank: 198

Net migration rate
Note: NA

Population distribution: a very small population, with most residents living in and around Stanley

Urbanization
Urban population: 78.5% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.76% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 2,000 STANLEY (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires

Sex ratio: 1.12 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Note: sex ratio is somewhat skewed by the high proportion of males at the Royal Air Force station, Mount Pleasant Airport (MPA); excluding MPA, the sex ratio of the total population would be 1.04 (2018) (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate
Note: NA

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 21.8% of population
Total: 5% of population (2017 est.)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 5% of population
Rural: 22% of population
Total: 0% of population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Etymology: the archipelago takes its name from the Falkland Sound, the strait separating the two main islands; the channel itself was named after the Viscount of Falkland, who sponsored an expedition to the islands in 1690; the Spanish name for the archipelago derives from the French Iles Malouines, the name applied to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1764

Government type: parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Capital
Name: Stanley
Geographic coordinates: 51 42 S, 57 51 W
Time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: named after Edward SMITH-STANLEY (1799-1869), the 14th Earl of Derby, a British statesman and three-time prime minister of the UK who never visited the islands

Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Constitution
History: previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008)
Amendments: NA

Legal system: English common law and local statutes

Citizenship: see United Kingdom

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Nigel PHILLIPS (since 12 September 2017)
Head of government: Chief Executive Barry ROWLAND (since 3 October 2016)
Cabinet: Executive Council elected by the Legislative Council
Electionsappointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief executive appointed by the governor

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Legislative Assembly, formerly the Legislative Council (10 seats; 8 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 appointed ex-officio members - the chief executive, appointed by the governor, and the financial secretary; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 9 November 2017 (next to be held in November 2021)
Election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 8; composition -men 8, women 2, percent of women 20%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, the chief justice as an ex officio, non-resident member, and 2 justices of appeal); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
Judge selection and term of office: all justices appointed by the governor; tenure specified in each justices instrument of appointment
Subordinate courts: Magistrates Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders: none; all independents

International organization participation: UPU

Diplomatic representation
In the us: none (overseas territory of the UK)
From the us: none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Flag description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

National symbols: ram

National anthem
Name: Song of the Falklands
Lyricsmusic: Christopher LANHAM
Note: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, 'God Save the Queen' is official (see United Kingdom)

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 3

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 11

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 41% (2015 est.)
Industry: 20.6%
Note: NA (2015 est.)
Services: 38.4%

Agriculture products: fodder and vegetable crops; venison, sheep, dairy products; fish, squid

Industries: fish and wool processing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate
Note: NA

Labor force: 1850 (2016 est.)
Rank: 226
By occupation agriculture: 41%
By occupation industry: 24.5%
By occupation services: 34.5% (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate: 1% (2016 est.)
Rank: 9

Population below poverty line
Note: NA

Budget
Revenues: 67.1 million (FY09/10)
Expenditures: 75.3 million (FY09/10)
Surplus or deficit: -4% (of GDP) (FY09/10)
Surplus or deficit rank: 156

Taxes and other revenues: 32.5% (of GDP) (FY09/10)
Rank: 66

Public debt: 0% of GDP (2015 est.)
Rank: 209

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices: 1.4% (2014 est.)
Rank: 85

Exports:
Rank: 187
Partners: Spain 74.4%, Namibia 10.4%, US 5% (2017)
Commodities: wool, hides, meat, venison, fish, squid

Imports: $90 million (2004 est.)
Rank: 218
Commodities: fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing
Partners: UK 47.8%, Spain 28.4%, Greece 10.2%, Netherlands 5.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.3% (2017)

Debt external:
Rank: 205

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Production: 19 million kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 213
Consumption: 17.67 million kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 213
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 133
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 147
Installed generating capacity: 12,100 kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 207
Generation sources fossil fuels: 74% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 95
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 89
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 171
Generation sources other renewable sources: 26% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 26

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 135
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 122
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 126
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 130

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 144
Products consumption: 290 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 212
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 154
Products imports: 286 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 208

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 131
Consumption: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 145
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 103
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 124
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 134

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 44,070 Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 210

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2,255
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 77 (July 2016 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 216
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 4,674
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 146 (July 2016 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 219

Broadcast media: TV service provided by a multi-channel service provider; radio services provided by the public broadcaster, Falkland Islands Radio Service, broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies, and by the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) (2007)

Internet
Country code: .fk
Users total: 3,000
Users percent of population: 98.3% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 221

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1610
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 50 (2017 est.)
Rank: 189

Military and security forces: no regular military forces

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: VP-F (2016)

Airports: 7 (2020)
Rank: 168
With paved runways total: 2 (2019)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With unpaved runways total: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Roadways
Total: 440 km (2008)
Paved: 50 km (2008)
Unpaved: 390 km (2008)
Rank: 198

Merchant marine
Total: 3
By type: general cargo 1, other 2 (2019)
Rank: 170

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Stanley

Disputes international: Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks