Background: The archipelago gradually adopted Islam between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted 'Guided Democracy.' After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his 'New Order' government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,904,569 km²
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Rank: 16
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,958 km
Border countries: (3) Malaysia 1881 km; , Papua New Guinea 824 km; , Timor-Leste 253 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Mean elevation: 367 m
Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use
Agricultural land: 31.2% (2011 est.)
Forest: 51.7% (2011 est.)
Other: 17.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest firesvolcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note: note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Population
Distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated: 267,026,366 (July 2020 est.)
Rank: 4
Growth rate: 0.79% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 128
Below poverty line: 10.9% (2016 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian(s)
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
Note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034)
15-24 years: 16.76% (male 22,786,920/female 21,960,130)
25-54 years: 42.56% (male 58,249,570/female 55,409,579)
55-64 years: 8.99% (male 11,033,838/female 12,968,005)
65 years and over: 7.82% (male 9,099,773/female 11,781,271) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.5
Youth dependency ratio: 38.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.2
Potential support ratio: 10.8 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 31.1 years
Male: 30.5 years
Female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 117

Population growth rate: 0.79% (2020 est.)
Rank: 128

Birth rate: 15.4 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 115

Death rate: 6.6 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 139

Net migration rate: -1.1 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 144

Population distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 56.6% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 2.27% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 10.770 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.394 million Bekasi, 2.944 million Surabaya, 2.580 million Bandung, 2.339 million Tangerang, 2.338 million Medan (2020)

Environment
Current issues: large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.8 years (2012 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Infant mortality rate
Total: 20.4 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 24 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 16.7 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 73

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 73.7 years
Male: 71.1 years
Female: 76.5 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 142

Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 105

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 55.5% (2018)

Drinking water source
Urban: 3.4% of population
Rural: 16.3% of population
Total: 9.2% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 3% (2017)

Physicians density: 0.38 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 7.5% of population
Rural: 23.2% of population
Total: 14.6% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2018 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 78
People living with hivaids: 640,000 (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 14
Deaths: 38,000 (2018 est.)
Deaths rank: 5

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 6.9% (2016)
Rank: 162

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 17.7% (2018)
Rank: 31

Education expenditures: 3.6% of GDP (2015)
Rank: 111

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 95.7%
Male: 97.3%
Female: 94% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 14 years (2018)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
Etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, Indos (India) and nesoi (islands), meaning Indian islands

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Note: Indonesia has three time zonesetymology: 'Jakarta' derives from the Sanscrit 'Jayakarta' meaning 'victorious city' and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named 'Sunda Kelapa'

Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution
History: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959
Amendments: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014, reelected 17 April 2019, inauguration 19 October 2019); Vice President Maruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019)
Head of government: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Maruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019) (2019)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president 
Electionsappointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 April 2019 (next election 2024)
Election results: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO]Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO]Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH]National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]Party of the Functional Groups or Golkar [Airlangga HARTARTO]People's Conscience Party or HANURA [Oesman Sapta ODANG]Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN]United Development Party or PPP [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY] (2019)

International organization participation: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad LUTFI (since 17 September 2020)
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us consulate: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: 

Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (October 2020)

From the us telephone: [62] (21) 3,435-9,000 (2020)
From the us embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: Unit 8,129, Box 1, FPO AP 96,520
From the us FAX: [62] (21) 2,395-1697 (2018)
From the us consulate:

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
Note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia)
Lyricsmusic: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Note: adopted 1945

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 45

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars
Rank: 160

Gross national saving:
Rank: 27

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 32.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 20.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -19.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 13.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 41% (2017 est.)
Services: 45.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices

Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (2017 est.)
Rank: 73

Labor force: 129.366 million (2019 est.)
Rank: 3
By occupation agriculture: 32%
By occupation industry: 21%
By occupation services: 47% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 85

Population below poverty line: 10.9% (2016 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.4%
Highest 10: 28.2% (2010)

Budget
Revenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 121

Taxes and other revenues: 13% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 208

Public debt:
Rank: 166

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 142

Current account balance:
Rank: 200

Exports:
Rank: 30
Partners: China 13.6%, US 10.6%, Japan 10.5%, India 8.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Malaysia 5.1%, South Korea 4.8% (2017)
Commodities: mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts

Imports:
Rank: 32
Commodities: mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs
Partners: China 23.2%, Singapore 10.9%, Japan 10%, Thailand 6%, Malaysia 5.6%, South Korea 5.3%, US 5.2% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
Rank: 19

Debt external: $344.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
Rank: 30

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 2 million (2019)
Access electrification total population: 99% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 100% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 99% (2019)
Production: 235.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 20
Consumption: 213.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 20
Exports: 0 kWh (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 149
Imports: 693 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 76
Installed generating capacity: 61.43 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 19
Generation sources fossil fuels: 85% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 70
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 110
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 118
Generation sources other renewable sources: 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 99

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 772,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 24
Crude oil exports: 302,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 27
Crude oil imports: 498,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 18
Crude oil proven reserves: 3.31 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 28

Refined petroleum
Products production: 950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 18
Products consumption: 1.601 million bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 14
Products exports: 79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 47
Products imports: 591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 15

Natural gas
Production: 72.09 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 12
Consumption: 42.32 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 23
Exports: 29.78 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 12
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 141
Proven reserves: 2.866 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 12

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 540.7 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 12

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 9,272,754
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.5 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 18
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 337,766,682
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127.49 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 4

Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)

Internet
Country code: .id
Users total: 104,563,108
Users percent of population: 39.79% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 7

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 8,874,116
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2018 est.)
Rank: 20

Military expenditures:
Rank: 137

Military and security forces:

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2013)

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah (2020)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in a title='Appendix-T' href='../appendix/appendix-t.html'>Appendix-T/a>

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PK (2016)

Airports: 673 (2013)
Rank: 10
With paved runways total: 186 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 21 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 51 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 72 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 37 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 487 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 23 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 460 (2013)

Heliports: 76 (2013)

Pipelines: 1064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)

Railways
Total: 8,159 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 8,159 km
Note:
Rank: 27

Roadways
Total: 496,607 km (2011)
Paved: 283,102 km (2011)
Unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)
Rank: 14

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)
Rank: 7

Merchant marine
Total: 9,879
By type: bulk carrier 109, container ship 217, general cargo 2,198, oil tanker 622, other 6,733 (2019)
Rank: 1

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok
Container port: Tanjung Perak (3,553,370), Tanjung Priok (6,090,000) (2017)
LNG terminal:

Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 6,098 (Afghanistan) (2018)
IDPs: 40,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2019)
Stateless persons: 582 (2019)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers