Background: Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq in August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault in February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. In 1992, the Amir reconstituted the parliament that he had dissolved in 1986. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as Bidoon, staged small protests in early 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Other demographic groups, notably Islamists and Kuwaitis from tribal backgrounds, soon joined the growing protest movements, which culminated in late 2011 with the resignation of the prime minister amidst allegations of corruption. Demonstrations renewed in late 2012 in response to an amiri decree amending the electoral law that lessened the voting power of the tribal blocs. An opposition coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribal populists, and some liberals, largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Faced with the prospect of painful subsidy cuts, oppositionists and independents actively participated in the November 2016 election, winning nearly half of the seats but a cohesive opposition alliance largely ceased to exist with the 2016 election and the opposition became increasingly factionalized. Since coming to power in 2006, the Amir has dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions (the Constitutional Court annulled the Assembly elections in June 2012 and again in June 2013) and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government.

Geographic coordinates: 29 30 N, 45 45 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 17,818 km²
Land: 17,818 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 157
Comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries
Total: 475 km
Border countries: (2) Iraq 254 km; , Saudi Arabia 221 km

Coastline: 499 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Terrain: flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Elevation
Mean elevation: 108 m
Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
Highest point: 3.6 km W. of Al-Salmi Border Post 300 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Land use
Agricultural land: 8.5% (2011 est.)
Forest: 0.4% (2011 est.)
Other: 91.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 105 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August

Geography
Note: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

Population
Distribution: densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country: 2,993,706 (July 2020 est.)
Note: Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population
Rank: 138
Growth rate: 1.27% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 85
Below poverty line note: NA

Nationality
Noun: Kuwaiti(s)
Adjective: Kuwaiti

Ethnic groups: Kuwaiti 30.4%, other Arab 27.4%, Asian 40.3%, African 1%, other .9% (includes European, North American, South American, and Australian) (2018 est.)

Languages: Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Religions: Muslim (official) 74.6%, Christian 18.2%, other and unspecified 7.2% (2013 est.)
Note: data represent the total population; about 69% of the population consists of immigrants

Age structure
0-14 years: 24.29% (male 378,778/female 348,512)
15-24 years: 14.96% (male 245,354/female 202,642)
25-54 years: 52.39% (male 984,813/female 583,632)
55-64 years: 5.43% (male 90,583/female 72,026)
65 years and over: 2.92% (male 38,614/female 48,752) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 32.4
Youth dependency ratio: 28.4
Elderly dependency ratio: 4
Potential support ratio: 24.9 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 29.7 years
Male: 30.7 years
Female: 27.9 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 127

Population growth rate: 1.27% (2020 est.)
Rank: 85

Birth rate: 18 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 89

Death rate: 2.3 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 226

Net migration rate: -3.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 180

Population distribution: densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 100% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 1.78% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 3.115 million KUWAIT (capital) (2020)

Environment
Current issues: limited natural freshwater resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification; loss of biodiversity
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.21 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.69 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.26 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.38 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.5 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 6.4 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 161

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.6 years
Male: 77.2 years
Female: 80.2 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 65

Total fertility rate: 2.26 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 85

Current health expenditure: 5.3% (2017)

Physicians density: 2.65 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 2 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: <.1% (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids note: <1000 (2018 est.)
Deaths note: <100 (2018 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 37.9% (2016)
Rank: 11

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3% (2014)
Rank: 101

Education expenditures
Note: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 96.1%
Male: 96.7%
Female: 94.9% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 16 years (2015)

Country name
Conventional long form: State of Kuwait
Conventional short form: Kuwait
Local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt
Local short form: Al Kuwayt
Etymology: the name derives from the capital city, which is from Arabic al-Kuwayt a diminutive of kut meaning fortress, possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century

Government type: constitutional monarchy (emirate)

Capital
Name: Kuwait City
Geographic coordinates: 29 22 N, 47 58 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: the name derives from Arabic 'al-Kuwayt' a diminutive of 'kut' meaning 'fortress,' possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century

Administrative divisions: 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Ahmadi, Al 'Asimah, Al Farwaniyah, Al Jahra', Hawalli, Mubarak al Kabir

Independence: 19 June 1961 (from the UK)

National holiday: National Day, 25 February (1950)

Constitution
History: approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Amendments: proposed by the amir or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds consent of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the amir; constitutional articles on the initiation, approval, and promulgation of general legislation cannot be amended

Legal system: mixed legal system consisting of English common law, French civil law, and Islamic sharia law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kuwait
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: not specified

Suffrage: 21 years of age and at least 20-year citizenship

Executive branch
Chief of state: Amir NAWAF al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 30 September 2020); Crown Prince Sheikh MESHAAL Al Ahmad Al Sabah, born in 1940, is the brother of Amir NAWAF al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
Head of government:  Prime Minister JABIR AL-MUBARAK al-Hamad al-Sabah (since 30 November 2011); First Deputy Prime Minister NASIR Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah (since 11 December 2017); Deputy Prime Ministers SABAH KHALID al-Hamid al-Sabah (since 13 December 2011), KHALID al-Jarrah al-Sabah (since 4 August 2013), Anas Khalid al-SALEH (since 4 August 2013); note - on 14 November 2019, the government of Prime Minister JABIR AL-MUBARAK al-Hamad al-Sabah resigned 
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by the amir
Electionsappointments: amir chosen from within the ruling family, confirmed by the National Assembly; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the amir; crown prince appointed by the amir and approved by the National Assembly

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (65 seats; 50 members directly elected from 5 multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 15 ex-officio members (cabinet ministers) appointed by the amir; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 5 December 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
Election results: all candidates ran as independents, though nearly half were oppositionists; composition - men 50, women 0, percent of women 0%: note: seats as of May 2019 -  oppositionists and independents, including populists, Islamists, and liberals 25, pro-government loyalists 25; composition as of May 2019 for elected members only - men 49, women 1, percent of women 2% 

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges); Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (organized into several circuits, each with 5 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: all Kuwaiti judges appointed by the Amir upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, a consultative body comprised of Kuwaiti judges and Ministry of Justice officials
Subordinate courts: High Court of Appeal; Court of First Instance; Summary Court

Political parties and leaders: none; the government does not recognize any political parties or allow their formation, although no formal law bans political parties

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, Paris Club (associate), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador SALIM al-Abdallah al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 10 October 2001)
In the us chancery: 2,940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 966-0702
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 966-8,468
In the us consulate:
From the us chief of mission: Alina L. Romanowski (since 6 January 2020)
From the us telephone: [965] 2,259-1001
From the us embassy: P.O. Box 77, Safat 13,001
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 77 Safat 13,001 Kuwait; or PSC 1280 APO AE 9,880-9,000
From the us FAX: [965] 2,538-6,562

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy

National symbols: golden falcon; national colors: green, white, red, black

National anthem
Name: Al-Nasheed Al-Watani (National Anthem)
Lyricsmusic: Ahmad MUSHARI al-Adwani/Ibrahim Nasir al-SOULA
Note: adopted 1978; the anthem is only used on formal occasions

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 214

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Rank: 53

Gross national saving:
Rank: 16

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 43.1% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 24.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 26.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 3.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 49.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -47% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.4% (2017 est.)
Industry: 58.7% (2017 est.)
Services: 40.9% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: fish

Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 2.8% (2017 est.)
Rank: 109

Labor force: 2.695 million (2017 est.)
Note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force
Rank: 111

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 12

Population below poverty line
Note: NA

Budget
Revenues: 50.5 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 62.6 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -10% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 210

Taxes and other revenues: 41.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 32

Public debt:
Rank: 188

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 89

Current account balance:
Rank: 28

Exports:
Rank: 51
Partners: South Korea 18.3%, China 17.4%, Japan 11.5%, India 11.2%, Singapore 6.3%, US 5.7% (2017)
Commodities: oil and refined products, fertilizers

Imports:
Rank: 58
Commodities: food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
Partners: China 13.5%, US 13.3%, UAE 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, Germany 5.4%, Japan 5%, India 4.7%, Italy 4.5% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 48

Debt external:
Rank: 68

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 65.95 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 44
Consumption: 57.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 44
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 156
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 167
Installed generating capacity: 18.89 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 47
Generation sources fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 10
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 122
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 182
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 196

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 2.807 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 9
Crude oil exports: 479,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 21
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 148
Crude oil proven reserves: 101.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 6

Refined petroleum
Products production: 915,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 22
Products consumption: 446,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 34
Products exports: 705,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 11
Products imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 211

Natural gas
Production: 17.1 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 34
Consumption: 21.72 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 36
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 133
Imports: 5.125 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 35
Proven reserves: 1.784 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 19

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 106.5 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 41

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 368,305
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12.46 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 106
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 5,147,990
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 174.16 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 118

Broadcast media: state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged; satellite TV available and pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station emerged in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .kw
Users total: 2,904,801
Users percent of population: 99.6% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 99

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 103,821
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2018 est.)
Rank: 121

Military expenditures:
Rank: 5

Military and security forces:

Military service age and obligation: 17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Kuwait reintroduced one-year mandatory service for men aged 18-35 in May 2017 after having suspended conscription in 2001; service is divided in two phases - four months for training and eight months for military service (2018)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 44
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,464,847 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 392.36 million
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 9K (2016)

Airports: 7 (2013)
Rank: 169
With paved runways total: 4 (2019)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With unpaved runways total: 3 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Heliports: 4 (2013)

Pipelines: 261 km gas, 540 km oil, 57 km refined products (2013)

Roadways
Total: 5,749 km (2018)
Paved: 4,887 km (2018)
Unpaved: 862 km (2018)
Rank: 145

Merchant marine
Total: 154
By type: general cargo 15, oil tanker 24, other 115 (2019)
Rank: 71

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Ash Shuaybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Az Zawr (Mina Saud), Mina Abd Allah, Mina al Ahmadi

Disputes international: Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the Persian Gulf

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 92,020 (2019); note - Kuwaits 1959 Nationality Law defined citizens as persons who settled in the country before 1920 and who had maintained normal residence since then; one-third of the population, descendants of Bedouin tribes, missed the window of opportunity to register for nationality rights after Kuwait became independent in 1961 and were classified as bidun (meaning without); since the 1980s Kuwaits bidun have progressively lost their rights, including opportunities for employment and education, amid official claims that they are nationals of other countries who have destroyed their identification documents in hopes of gaining Kuwaiti citizenship; Kuwaiti authorities have delayed processing citizenship applications and labeled biduns as illegal residents, denying them access to civil documentation, such as birth and marriage certificates