Background: Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar within the last 60 years transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. Former Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, who overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1995, ushered in wide-sweeping political and media reforms, unprecedented economic investment, and a growing Qatari regional leadership role, in part through the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's mediation of some regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and by 2007 had attained the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar did not experience domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2011, due in part to its immense wealth and patronage network. In mid-2013, HAMAD peacefully abdicated, transferring power to his son, the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad. TAMIM is popular with the Qatari public, for his role in shepherding the country through an economic embargo by some other regional countries, for his efforts to improve the country's healthcare and education systems, and for his expansion of the country's infrastructure in anticipation of Doha's hosting of the 2022 World Cup.

Geographic coordinates: 25 30 N, 51 15 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 11,586 km²
Land: 11,586 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 164
Comparative: almost twice the size of Delaware; slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries
Total: 87 km
Border countries: (1) Saudi Arabia 87 km

Coastline: 563 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm

Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert

Elevation
Mean elevation: 28 m
Lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
Highest point: Tuwayyir al Hamir 103 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, natural gas

Land use
Agricultural land: 5.6% (2011 est.)
Forest: 0% (2011 est.)
Other: 94.4% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 130 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: haze, dust storms, sandstorms common

Geography
Note: the peninsula occupies a strategic location in the central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits

Population
Distribution: most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula: 2,444,174 (July 2020 est.)
Rank: 143
Growth rate: 1.55% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 65
Below poverty line note: NA

Nationality
Noun: Qatari(s)
Adjective: Qatari

Ethnic groups: non-Qatari 88.4%, Qatari 11.6% (2015 est.)

Languages: Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Religions: Muslim 67.7%, Christian 13.8%, Hindu 13.8%, Buddhist 3.1%, folk religion <.1%, Jewish <.1%, other 0.7%, unaffiliated 0.9% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 12.84% (male 158,702/female 155,211)
15-24 years: 11.78% (male 203,703/female 84,323)
25-54 years: 70.66% (male 1,439,364/female 287,575)
55-64 years: 3.53% (male 66,561/female 19,600)
65 years and over: 1.19% (male 19,067/female 10,068) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 18.1
Youth dependency ratio: 16.1
Elderly dependency ratio: 2
Potential support ratio: 50.1 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 33.7 years
Male: 35 years
Female: 28.2 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 96

Population growth rate: 1.55% (2020 est.)
Rank: 65

Birth rate: 9.3 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 200

Death rate: 1.6 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 228

Net migration rate: 6.5 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 18

Population distribution: most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula

Urbanization
Urban population: 99.2% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 2.41% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 641,000 DOHA (capital) (2020)

Environment
Current issues: air, land, and water pollution are significant environmental issues; limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities; other issues include conservation of oil supplies and preservation of the natural wildlife heritage
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 2.42 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 5.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 3.4 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.89 male(s)/female
Total population: 3.39 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.7 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 6 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 5.4 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 166

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 79.4 years
Male: 77.2 years
Female: 81.6 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 54

Total fertility rate: 1.88 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 134

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 37.5% (2012)

Current health expenditure: 2.6% (2017)

Physicians density: 2.69 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 1.3 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 132
People living with hivaids note: <500 (2017 est.)
Deaths note: <100 (2017 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 35.1% (2016)
Rank: 15

Education expenditures: 2.7% of GDP (2019)
Rank: 145

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.5%
Male: 92.4%
Female: 94.7% (2017)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 14 years (2019)

Country name
Conventional long form: State of Qatar
Conventional short form: Qatar
Local long form: Dawlat Qatar
Local short form: Qatar
Etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but it dates back at least 2,000 years since a term Catharrei was used to describe the inhabitants of the peninsula by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.), and a Catara peninsula is depicted on a map by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)
Note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gattar or cottar

Government type: absolute monarchy

Capital
Name: Doha
Geographic coordinates: 25 17 N, 51 32 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: derives from the Arabic term 'dohat,' meaning 'roundness,' and refers to the small rounded bays along the area's coastline

Administrative divisions: 8 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Khawr wa adh Dhakhirah, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Ash Shamal, Ash Shihaniyah, Az Za'ayin, Umm Salal

Independence: 3 September 1971 (from the UK)

National holiday: National Day, 18 December (1878), anniversary of Al Thani family accession to the throne; Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

Constitution
History: previous 1972 (provisional); latest drafted 2 July 2002, approved by referendum 29 April 2003, endorsed 8 June 2004, effective 9 June 2005
Amendments: proposed by the Amir or by one third of Advisory Council members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Advisory Council members and approval and promulgation by the emir; articles pertaining to the rule of state and its inheritance, functions of the emir, and citizen rights and liberties cannot be amended

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law and Islamic (sharia) law (in family and personal matters)

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Qatar
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 20 years; 15 years if an Arab national

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Amir TAMIM bin Hamad Al Thani (since 25 June 2013)
Head of government: Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Sheikh KHALID ibn Khalifa ibn Abdul Aziz Al Thani (since 28 January 2020); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of State for Defense Affairs KHALID bin Mohamed AL Attiyah (since 14 November 2017); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs MOHAMED bin Abdulrahman Al Thani (since 14 November 2017)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the amir
Electionsappointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the amir

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (45 seats; 30 members directly elected by popular vote for 4-year re-electable terms; 15 members appointed by the monarch to serve until resignation or until relieved; note - legislative drafting authority rests with the Council of Ministers and is reviewed by the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura
Elections: last on 17 June 2016 (next in 2019); note - in late 2019, the amir announced the formation of a committee to oversee preparations for the first elected council, although Doha has not selected a date for elections
Election results: NA; composition - men 41, women 4, percent of women 8.9%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (consists of the court president and several judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judiciary Council, a 9-member independent body consisting of judiciary heads appointed by the Amir; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members nominated by the Supreme Judiciary Council and appointed by the monarch; term of appointment NA
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; Courts of Justice; Qatar International Court and Dispute Resolution Center, established in 2009, provides dispute resolution services for institutions and bodies in Qatar, as well as internationally

Political parties and leaders: political parties are banned

International organization participation: ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, CICA (observer), EITI (implementing country), FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador MISHAL bin Hamad bin Muhammad Al Thani (since 24 April 2017)
In the us chancery: 2,555 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 274-1600
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 237-0682
In the us consulate: Houston, Los Angeles
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Ambassador Greta C. HOLTZ (since 14 June 2020)
From the us telephone: [974] 4,496-6,000
From the us embassy: 22 February Street, Al Luqta District, P. O. Box 2,399, Doha
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 2,399, Doha
From the us FAX: [974] 4,488-4,298

Flag description: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the 'reconciled emirates' in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916
Note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted

National symbols: a maroon field surmounted by a white serrated band with nine white points; national colors: maroon, white

National anthem
Name: Al-Salam Al-Amiri (The Amiri Salute)
Lyricsmusic: Sheikh MUBARAK bin Saif al-Thani/Abdul Aziz Nasser OBAIDAN
Note: adopted 1996; anthem first performed that year at a meeting of the Gulf Cooperative Council hosted by Qatar

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 153

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars
Rank: 16

Gross national saving:
Rank: 1

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 24.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 17% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 43.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 51% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -37.3% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 50.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 49.5% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish

Industries: liquefied natural gas, crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizer, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2017 est.)
Rank: 105

Labor force: 1.953 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 122

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 136

Population below poverty line
Note: NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 1.3%
Highest 10: 35.9% (2007)

Budget
Revenues: 44.1 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 53.82 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 179

Taxes and other revenues: 26.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 112

Public debt:
Rank: 88

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 11

Current account balance:
Rank: 29

Exports:
Rank: 56
Partners: Japan 17.3%, South Korea 16%, India 12.6%, China 11.2%, Singapore 8.2%, UAE 6.4% (2017)
Commodities: liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel

Imports:
Rank: 71
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Partners: China 10.9%, US 8.9%, UAE 8.5%, Germany 8.1%, UK 5.5%, India 5.4%, Japan 5.3%, Italy 4.3% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 68

Debt external:
Rank: 39

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 39.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 58
Consumption: 37.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 58
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 186
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 188
Installed generating capacity: 8.796 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 66
Generation sources fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 15
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 169
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 193
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 163

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 1.464 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 17
Crude oil exports: 1.15 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 13
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 183
Crude oil proven reserves: 25.24 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 13

Refined petroleum
Products production: 273,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 46
Products consumption: 277,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 45
Products exports: 485,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 18
Products imports: 12,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 143

Natural gas
Production: 166.4 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 4
Consumption: 39.9 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 26
Exports: 126.5 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 2
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 176
Proven reserves: 24.07 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 3

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 114.2 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 40

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 392,048
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16.29 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 101
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 3,329,155
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 138.33 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 138

Broadcast media: TV and radio broadcast licensing and access to local media markets are state controlled; home of the satellite TV channel Al-Jazeera, which was originally owned and financed by the Qatari government but has evolved to independent corporate status; Al-Jazeera claims editorial independence in broadcasting; local radio transmissions include state, private, and international broadcasters on FM frequencies in Doha; in August 2013, Qatar's satellite company Es'hailSat launched its first communications satellite Es'hail 1 (manufactured in the US), which entered commercial service in December 2013 to provide improved television broadcasting capability and expand availability of voice and Internet; Es'hailSat launched its second commercial satellite in 2018 with aid of SpaceX (2019)

Internet
Country code: .qa
Users total: 2,355,297
Users percent of population: 99.65% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 112

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 267,906
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2018 est.)
Rank: 105

Military and security forces: Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF, includes Emiri Guard), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN, includes Coast Guard), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF); Internal Security Forces: Mobile Gendarmerie (2019)

Military service age and obligation: conscription for males aged 18-35; compulsory service times range from 4 months to up to a year, depending on the cadets educational and professional circumstances; women are permitted to serve in the armed forces, including as uniformed officers and pilots (2019)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 251
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 29,178,923 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 12,666,710,000
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: A7 (2016)

Airports: 6 (2013)
Rank: 175
With paved runways total: 4 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 2 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Heliports: 1 (2013)

Pipelines: 288 km condensate, 221 km condensate/gas, 2,383 km gas, 90 km liquid petroleum gas, 745 km oil, 103 km refined products (2013)

Roadways
Total: 7,039 km (2016)
Rank: 142

Merchant marine
Total: 136
By type: bulk carrier 9, container ship 6, general cargo 5, oil tanker 7, other 109 (2019)
Rank: 77

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Doha, Musayid, Ras Laffan
LNG terminal: Ras Laffan

Disputes international: none

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 1,200 (2019)