Background: Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine achieved independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.

Geographic coordinates: 49 00 N, 32 00 E

Map reference: AsiaEurope

Area
Total: 603,550 km²
Land: 579,330 km²
Water: 24,220 km²
Note: approximately 43,133 km², or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts
Rank: 47
Comparative: almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 5,618 km
Border countries: (7) Belarus 1111 km; , Hungary 128 km; , Moldova 1202 km; , Poland 535 km; , Romania 601 km; , Russia 1944 km; , Slovakia 97 km

Coastline: 2,782 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Terrain: mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula

Elevation
Mean elevation: 175 m
Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 71.2% (2011 est.)
Forest: 16.8% (2011 est.)
Other: 12% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 21,670 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; occasional droughts

Geography
Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia

Population
Distribution: densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa: 43,922,939 (July 2020 est.)
Rank: 33
Growth rate: -0.1% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 203
Below poverty line: 3.8% (2016 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Ukrainian(s)
Adjective: Ukrainian

Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Languages: Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)
Note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of 'regional language' - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language

Religions: Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)
Note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.16% (male 3,658,127/female 3,438,887)
15-24 years: 9.28% (male 2,087,185/female 1,987,758)
25-54 years: 43.66% (male 9,456,905/female 9,718,758)
55-64 years: 13.87% (male 2,630,329/female 3,463,851)
65 years and over: 17.03% (male 2,523,600/female 4,957,539) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.1
Youth dependency ratio: 23.8
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.3
Potential support ratio: 4 (2020 est.) data include Crimea

Median age
Total: 41.2 years
Male: 38.2 years
Female: 44.3 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 45

Population growth rate: -0.1% (2020 est.)
Rank: 203

Birth rate: 9.6 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 193

Death rate: 14 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 5

Net migration rate: 2.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 45

Population distribution: densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa

Urbanization
Urban population: 69.6% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.33% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 2.988 million KYIV (capital), 1.429 million Kharkiv, 1.009 million Odesa, 957,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 906,000 Donetsk (2020)

Environment
Current issues: air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.76 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 25.6 years (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 7.4 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 8.3 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 6.4 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 157

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.9 years
Male: 68.2 years
Female: 77.9 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 150

Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 193

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 65.4% (2012)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0.5% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0.6% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 7% (2017)

Physicians density: 2.99 physicians/1000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 7.5 beds/1000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0.6% of population
Rural: 3.7% of population
Total: 1.6% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.7% (2019 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 57
People living with hivaids: 250,000 (2019 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 23
Deaths: 5,900 (2019 est.)
Deaths rank: 23

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 24.1% (2016)
Rank: 61

Education expenditures: 5.4% of GDP (2017)
Rank: 42

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.7% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2014)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Ukraine
Local long form: none
Local short form: Ukraina
Former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: name derives from the Old East Slavic word ukraina meaning borderland or march (militarized border region) and began to be used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Kyiv (Kiev)
Geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Note: pronounced KAY-yivetymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him

Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr
Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed; 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence from Soviet Russia, and the date the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996
Amendments: proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2019

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Denys SHMYHAL (since 4 March 2020)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada 
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 March and 21 April 2019 (next to be held in March 2024); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada
Election results: first round results: percent of vote - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; second round results: percent of vote - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 24.5%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-59
Note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 21 July 2019 (next to be held in July 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Servant of the People 43.2%, Opposition Platform-For Life 13.1%, Batkivshchyna 8.2%, European Solidarity 8.1%, Voice 5.8%, other 21.6%; seats by party (preliminary) - Servant of the People 254, Oposition Platform for Life 43, Batkivshchyna 26, European Solidarity 25, Voice 20, Opposition Bloc 6, Samopomich 1, Svoboda 1, other parties 2, independent 46; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 26 seats vacant; although this brings the total to 424 elected members (of 450 potential), article 83 of the constitution mandates that a parliamentary majority consists of 226 seats

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials responsible for judicial self-governance and administration, and appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process as Supreme Court justices, with one addition - a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; this majority must include at least 3 members of the Public Council of International Experts; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the Congress of Judges, and by the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; district courts
Note: specialized courts were abolished as part of Ukraine's judicial reform program; in November 2019, President ZELENSKYY signed a bill on legal reforms

Political parties and leaders: Batkivshchyna (Fatherland) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]European Solidarity (BPP-Solidarity) [Petro POROSHENKO] Holos (Voice) [Sviatoslav VAKARCHUK]Opposition Bloc or OB [Evgeny MURAYEV]Opposition Platform-For Life [Yuriy BOYKO, Vadim RABINOVICH]Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO]Samopomich (Self Reliance) [Andriy SADOVYY]Servant of the People [Oleksandr KORNIENKO]Svoboda (Freedom) [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]

International organization participation: Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Volodymyr YELCHENKO (since 6 January 2020)
In the us chancery: 3,350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 349-2,920
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
In the us consulate: Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge dAffaires Kristina KVIEN (since January 2020)
From the us telephone: [380] (44) 521-5,000
From the us embassy: 4 A. I. Igor Sikorsky Street, 4,112 Kyiv
From the us mailing address: 5,850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,850
From the us FAX: [380] (44) 521-5,155

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky

National symbols: tryzub (trident); national colors: blue, yellow

National anthem
Name: Shche ne vmerla Ukraina (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished)
Lyricsmusic: Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI
Note: music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; song first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 93

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars
Rank: 135

Gross national saving:
Rank: 105

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 66.5% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 47.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 12.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.6% (2017 est.)
Services: 60% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk

Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing

Industrial production growth rate: 3.1% (2017 est.)
Rank: 100

Labor force: 17.99 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 31
By occupation agriculture: 5.8%
By occupation industry: 26.5%
By occupation services: 67.8% (2014)

Unemployment rate:
Note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers
Rank: 135

Population below poverty line: 3.8% (2016 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 4.2%
Highest 10: 21.6% (2015 est.)

Budget
Revenues: 29.82 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 31.55 billion (2017 est.)
Note: this is the planned, consolidated budget
Surplus or deficit: -1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 92

Taxes and other revenues: 26.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 108

Public debt:
Note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)
Rank: 48

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone
Rank: 200

Current account balance:
Rank: 179

Exports:
Rank: 37
Partners: Russia 9.2%, Poland 6.5%, Turkey 5.6%, India 5.5%, Italy 5.2%, China 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2017)
Commodities: ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs

Imports:
Rank: 34
Commodities: energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Partners: Russia 14.5%, China 11.3%, Germany 11.2%, Poland 7%, Belarus 6.7%, US 5.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 61

Debt external:
Rank: 45

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 153.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 26
Consumption: 133.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 28
Exports: 3.591 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 39
Imports: 77 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 103
Installed generating capacity: 57.28 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 20
Generation sources fossil fuels: 65% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 119
Generation sources nuclear: 23% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 4
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 125
Generation sources other renewable sources: 3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 129

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 32,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 61
Crude oil exports: 413 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 79
Crude oil imports: 4,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 76
Crude oil proven reserves: 395 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 49

Refined petroleum
Products production: 63,670 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 77
Products consumption: 233,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 53
Products exports: 1828 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 105
Products imports: 167,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 37

Natural gas
Production: 19.73 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 31
Consumption: 30.92 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 30
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 206
Imports: 12.97 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 25
Proven reserves: 1.104 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 24

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 238.9 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 28

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 4,378,911
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9.96 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 32
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 57,431,439
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130.63 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 28

Broadcast media: Ukraine’s media landscape is dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets, which are often politically motivated and at odds with one another and/or the government; while polls suggest most Ukrainians still receive news from traditional media sources, social media is a crucial component of information dissemination in Ukraine; almost all Ukrainian politicians and opinion leaders communicate with the public via social media and maintain at least one social media page, if not more; this allows them direct communication with audiences, and news often breaks on Facebook or Twitter before being picked up by traditional news outlets (2019)

Internet
Country code: .ua
Users total: 25,883,509
Users percent of population: 58.89% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 29

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 5,405,125
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2018 est.)
Rank: 29

Military expenditures:
Rank: 15

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Ukraine (Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, ZSU): Ground Forces (Sukhoputni Viys’ka), Naval Forces (Viys’kovo-Mors’ki Syly, VMS), Air Forces (Povitryani Syly, PS), Air Assault Forces (Desantno-shturmovi Viyska, DShV); Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard) (2020)

Military service age and obligation: 20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2019)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 14 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 126
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,854,842 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 75.26 million
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UR (2016)

Airports: 187 (2013)
Rank: 31
With paved runways total: 108 (2013)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 13 (2013)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 42 (2013)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 22 (2013)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3 (2013)
With paved runways under 914 m: 28 (2013)
With unpaved runways total: 79 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 69 (2013)

Heliports: 9 (2013)

Pipelines: 36,720 km gas, 4,514 km oil, 4,363 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 21,733 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 49 km
Note: 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2014)
Broad gauge: 21,684 km
Rank: 12

Roadways
Total: 169,694 km (2012)
Paved: 166,095 km
Note: (includes 17 km of expressways) (2012)
Unpaved: 3,599 km (2012)
Rank: 32

Waterways: 1672 km
Note: (most on Dnieper River) (2012)
Rank: 46

Merchant marine
Total: 408
By type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 84, oil tanker 15, other 308 (2019)
Rank: 43

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Feodosiya (Theodosia), Chornomosk (Illichivsk), Mariupol, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Yuzhnyy

Disputes international: 1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains unratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is complete and demarcation began in 2012; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Ukraine and Moldova signed an agreement officially delimiting their border in 1999, but the border has not been demarcated due to Moldova's difficulties with the break-away region of Transnistria; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's Transnistria Region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops; the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 734,000 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2020)
Stateless persons: 35,642 (2019); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraines independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people with no documents have difficulty acquiring Ukrainian citizenship; following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, thousands of Crimean Tatars and their descendants deported from Ukraine under the STALIN regime returned to their homeland, some being stateless and others holding the citizenship of Uzbekistan or other former Soviet republics; a 1998 bilateral agreement between Ukraine and Uzbekistan simplified the process of renouncing Uzbek citizenship and obtaining Ukrainian citizenship

Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF