Background: Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists heading for Virginia. Self-governing since 1620, Bermuda is the oldest and most populous of the British overseas territories. Vacationing to the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important to the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has also developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence from the UK was soundly defeated in 1995.

Geographic coordinates: 32 20 N, 64 45 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 54 km²
Land: 54 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: about one-third the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries
Total: 0 km

Coastline: 103 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions

Elevation
Highest point: Town Hill 79 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use
Agricultural land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 14.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 20% (2018 est.)
Other: 65.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: NA

Natural hazards: hurricanes (June to November)

Geography
Note: consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995

Population
Distribution: relatively even population distribution throughout: 72,084 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 0.36% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 11% (2008 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Bermudian(s)
Adjective: Bermudian

Ethnic groups: African descent 52%, White 31%, mixed 9%, Asian 4, other 4% (2010 est.)

Languages: English (official), Portuguese

Religions: Protestant 46.2% (includes Anglican 15.8%, African Methodist Episcopal 8.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 6.7, Pentecostal 3.5%, Methodist 2.7%, Presbyterian 2.0%, Church of God 1.6%, Baptist 1.2%, Salvation Army 1.1%, Brethren 1.0%, other Protestant 2.0%), Roman Catholic 14.5%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other Christian 9.1%, Muslim 1%, other 3.9%, none 17.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 6,053/female 5,928)
15-24 years: 11.88% (male 4,290/female 4,235)
25-54 years: 35.31% (male 12,758/female 12,575)
55-64 years: 16.37% (male 5,560/female 6,185)
65 years and over: 19.74% (male 6,032/female 8,134) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: NA
Youth dependency ratio: NA
Elderly dependency ratio: NA
Potential support ratio: NA

Median age
Total: 43.6 years
Male: 41.6 years
Female: 45.7 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.36% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 11.1 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 9.03 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.54 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: relatively even population distribution throughout

Urbanization
Urban population: 100% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: -0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 10,000 HAMILTON (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: dense population and heavy vehicle traffic create serious congestion and air pollution problems; water resources scarce (most obtained as rainwater or from wells); solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills

Air pollutants
Carbon dioxide emissions: 0.61 megatons (2016 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.21 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 2.53 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 1.88 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 81.83 years
Male: 78.73 years
Female: 85.09 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.91 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved: total: 100% of population
Unimproved: total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: NA

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: NA
People living with hivaids: NA
Deaths: NA

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 1.3% of GDP (2017)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 13 years (2015)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 29.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 29.7%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 29% (2014 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bermuda
Former: Somers Islands
Etymology: the islands making up Bermuda are named after Juan de BERMUDEZ, an early 16th century Spanish sea captain and the first European explorer of the archipelago

Government type: Overseas Territory of the UK with limited self-government; parliamentary democracy

Capital
Name: Hamilton
Geographic coordinates: 32 17 N, 64 47 W
Time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON (ca. 1734-1796) who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788-1794

Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick

Independence: none (Overseas Territory of the UK)

National holiday: Bermuda Day, 24 May; note - formerly known as Victoria Day, Empire Day, and Commonwealth Day

Constitution
History: several previous (dating to 1684); latest entered into force 8 June 1968 (Bermuda Constitution Order 1968)
Amendments: proposal procedure - NA; passage by an Order in Council in the UK; amended several times, last in 2012

Legal system: English common law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of the UK
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Rena LALGIE (since 14 December 2020)
Head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017)
Cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
Elections and appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed premier by the governor

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (11 seats; 3 members appointed by the governor, 5 by the premier, and 3 by the opposition party; members serve 5-year terms) and the House of Assembly (36 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve up to 5-year terms)
House of Assembly (36 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve up to 5-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last appointments in August 2017 (next appointments in 2022)
House of Assembly - last held on 1 October 2020 (next to be held not later than 2025)
Election results: Senate - composition - men 7, women 4, percent of women 36.4%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - PLP 62.1%, OBA 32.3%, other 5.4%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - PLP 30, OBA 6; composition - NA

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 1 associate justice); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the court of final appeal
Judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal justice appointed by the governor; justice tenure by individual appointment; Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission and appointed by the governor; judge tenure based on terms of appointment
Subordinate courts: commercial court (began in 2006); magistrates' courts

Political parties and leaders: Free Democratic Movement or FDM (Marc BEAN)
One Bermuda Alliance or OBA (Craig CANNONIER)
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Edward D. BURT]

International organization participation: Caricom (associate), ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), UPU, WCO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: none (overseas territory of the UK)
From the us chief of mission: Consul General Karen GRISSETTE (since 6 July 2021)
From the us embassy: US Consulate Bermuda, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, DV 03, Bermuda
From the us mailing address: 5,300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20,520-5,300
From the us telephone: (441) 295-1342
From the us fax: (441) 295-1592
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda
Note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue

National symbols: red lion

National anthem
Name: Hail to Bermuda
Lyrics and music: Bette JOHNS
Note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, 'God Save the Queen' is official (see United Kingdom)

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $5.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$5.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

$5.227 billion (2017 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: -0.1% (2016 est.)

0.6% (2015 est.)

-0.3% (2014 est.)

Real gdp per capita: $81,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$81,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

$81,835 (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 51.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 15.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 13.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 49.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -30.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 5.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 93.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products, honey

Industries: international business, tourism, light manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate: 2% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 33,480 (2016 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 2%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 85% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate: 7% (2017 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 29.3%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 29.7%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 29% (2014 est.)

Population below poverty line: 11% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: NA
Highest 10: NA

Budget
Revenues: $999.2 million (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $1.176 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 16.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 43% of GDP (FY14/15)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices: 1.9% (2017 est.)

1.4% (2016 est.)

Current account balance: $818.6 million (2017 est.)

$763 million (2016 est.)

Exports: $1.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$1.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Jamaica 49.1%, Luxembourg 36.1%, US 4.9% (2017)
Commodities: re-exports of pharmaceuticals

Imports: $2.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$2.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: United States 44%, South Korea 17%, Germany 10%, Canada 8% (2019)
Commodities: ships, refined petroleum, postage stamps, recreational boats, aircraft (2019)

Debt external: $2.515 billion (2017 est.)

$2.435 billion (2015 est.)

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 650 million kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 604.5 million kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 171,000 kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources note: the Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility turns waste to electric energy

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 5,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 3,939 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 21,883 (2018)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34.71 (2018 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 64,997 (2018)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103.1 (2019 est.)

Broadcast media: 3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating

Internet
Country code: .bm
Users total: 61,200 (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 98.37% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 21,883 (2018)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36.18 (2017 est.)

Military and security forces: Royal Bermuda Regiment; Bermuda Police Service (2021)

note - tBermuda - Transportation 2021

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: VP-B

Airports
Total: 1 (2020)
With paved runways total: 1
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1 (2019)

Roadways
Total: 447 km (2010)
Paved: 447 km (2010)
Note: 225 km public roads; 222 km private roads

Merchant marine
Total: 147
By type: container ship 12, oil tanker 18, other 117 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Hamilton, Ireland Island, Saint George

Disputes international: none