Background: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK in 1982 when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 9,984,670 km²
Land: 9,093,507 km²
Water: 891,163 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries
Total: 8,891 km
Border countries: (1) US 8,891 km; (includes 2,475 km
Note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

Coastline: 202,080 km
Note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
Lowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
Mean elevation: 487 m

Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 59.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 8,700 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 km², Canada only 32,000 km²), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 km²), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 km², Canada only 839,200 km²)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 km²)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 km², Canada only 823,800 km²), Columbia* (657,501 km², Canada only 103,000 km²)
note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 4.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 28.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 2.639 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 2.902 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

Population
Distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia: 37,943,231 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 0.77% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 9.4% (2008 est.)
Below poverty line note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Canadian(s)
Adjective: Canadian

Ethnic groups: Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

Languages: English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)
15-24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)
25-54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)
55-64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)
65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 51.2
Youth dependency ratio: 23.9
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.4
Potential support ratio: 3.7 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 41.8 years
Male: 40.6 years
Female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.77% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 10.21 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 8.08 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.55 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.7% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 6.255 million Toronto, 4.247 million Montreal, 2.606 million Vancouver, 1.581 million Calgary, 1.491 million Edmonton, 1.408 million OTTAWA (capital) (2021)

Environment
Current issues: metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 6.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 544.89 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 101.82 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.4 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.44 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 4.73 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.14 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 83.62 years
Male: 81.32 years
Female: 86.03 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.57 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 98.9% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.1% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 10.8% (2018)

Physicians density: 2.31 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 2.5 beds/1000 population (2019)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 98.7% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.3% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: NA
People living with hivaids: NA
Deaths: NA

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 29.4% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.3% of GDP (2011)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 17 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 20.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 20.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Canada
Etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word 'kanata' meaning village or settlement

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Capital
Name: Ottawa
Geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Timezone note: Canada has six time zones
Etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word 'adawe' meaning 'to trade' and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Constitution
History: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
Amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011)

Legal system: common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descentonly: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021)
Head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)
Cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
Elections and appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
Note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)
House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)
Elections: Senate - appointed; latest appointments in December 2018
House of Commons - last held on 20 September 2021 (next to be held NA)
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
Subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note -  in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements

Political parties and leaders: Bloc Quebecois [Yves-Francois BLANCHET]
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Erin O'TOOLE]
Green Party [vacant]
Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]
People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
In the us chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,001
In the us telephone: [1] (844) 880-6,519
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 682-7,738
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David COHEN (since December 2021)
From the us embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
From the us mailing address: 5,480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC  20,521-5,480
From the us telephone: [1] (613) 238-5,335
From the us FAX: [1] (613) 241-7,845
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

National symbols: maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: O Canada
Lyrics and music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE
Note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, 'O Canada' served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, 'God Save the Queen' serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.66% (2019 est.)

2.02% (2018 est.)

3.17% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 70.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, rapeseed, maize, barley, milk, soybeans, potatoes, oats, peas, pork

Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate: 4.9% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 18.136 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 2%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 6%
By occupation industry and services: 76%
By occupation manufacturing: 3% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate: 5.67% (2019 est.)

5.83% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 20.2%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 20.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 9.4% (2008 est.)
Note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 33.3 (2017 est.)

31.5 (1994)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.6%
Highest 10: 24.8% (2000)

Budget
Revenues: $649.6 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $665.7 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 89.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices: 1.9% (2019 est.)

2.2% (2018 est.)

1.5% (2017 est.)

Current account balance: -$35.425 billion (2019 est.)

-$42.862 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $477.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$555.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$556.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: US 73% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)

Imports: $510.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$583.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$589.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: US 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, refined petroleum (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $2,124,887,000,000 (2019 est.)

$1,949,796,000,000 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: $73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 143.5 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 4.264 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports: 806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 159.1 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 124.4 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $83.96 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 26.36 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.056 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 13.926 million (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36.9 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 36,093,021 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 95.63 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: 2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)

Internet
Country code: .ca
Users total: 35.63 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 91% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 15,776,602 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41.8 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures: 1.42% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.29% of GDP (2019)

1.31% of GDP (2018)

1.44% of GDP (2017)

1.16% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command; Primary Reserve (army, air, naval reserves); Coast Guard (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) (2021)

note - the Army reserves include the Canadian Rangers, which provides a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2021)

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 51 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 89.38 million (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 3,434,070,000 mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C

Airports
Total: 1,467 (2013)
With paved runways total: 523
With paved runways over 3047 m: 21
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 19
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 147
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 257
With paved runways under 914 m: 79 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 944
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 75
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 385
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 484 (2013)

Heliports: 26 (2013)

Pipelines: 840,000 km oil and gas  (2017)

Railways
Total: 77,932 km note: 129 km electrified (2021) (2014)
Standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)

Roadways
Total: 1,042,300 km (2011)
Paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011)
Unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)

Waterways: 636 km (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)

Merchant marine
Total: 679
By type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 66, oil tanker 15, other 575 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver
Oil terminals: Lower Lakes terminal
Container ports teus: Montreal (1,745,244), Vancouver (3,398,860) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Saint John
Riverandlakeport(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)
Drybulkcargoport(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),

Disputes international: managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants), 8,082 (Nigeria), 6,387 (Turkey), 6,085 (Pakistan), 5,916 (China), 5,085 (Iran) (2020)
Stateless persons: 4,139 (2020)

Illicit drugs: illicit production of fentanyl primarily for Canada's domestic drug market with at least small quantities smuggled to the US; complex laboratories setup for fentanyl production have been found and Mexican traffickers present in the country; Canada legalized marijuana in 2018