Background: Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called 'Goulash Communism.' Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.

Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 20 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 93,028 km²
Land: 89,608 km²
Water: 3,420 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana

Land boundaries
Total: 2,106 km
Border countries: (7) Austria 321 km; , Croatia 348 km; , Romania 424 km; , Serbia 164 km; , Slovakia 627 km; , Slovenia 94 km; , Ukraine 128 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Elevation
Highest point: Kekes 1,014 m
Lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
Mean elevation: 143 m

Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)
Forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)
Other: 18.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 1,721 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Danube (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Geography
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 9,728,337 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: -0.29% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.3% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Hungarian(s)
Adjective: Hungarian

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5-10% of Hungary's population

Languages: Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.54% (male 731,542/female 689,739)
15-24 years: 10.43% (male 526,933/female 492,388)
25-54 years: 42.17% (male 2,075,763/female 2,044,664)
55-64 years: 12.17% (male 552,876/female 636,107)
65 years and over: 20.69% (male 773,157/female 1,248,658) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46.9
Youth dependency ratio: 22
Elderly dependency ratio: 30.8
Potential support ratio: 3.2 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 43.6 years
Male: 41.5 years
Female: 45.5 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.29% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 8.72 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 12.88 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.24 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 72.2% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.772 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2021)

Environment
Current issues: air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 45.54 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 7.25 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.3 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.69 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 5.02 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.34 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.95 years
Male: 73.27 years
Female: 80.83 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.7% (2018)

Physicians density: 3.41 physicians/1000 population (2018)

Hospital bed density: 7 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: <.1% (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids: 3,700 (2018 est.)
Deaths: <100 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
Vector borne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.4% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (2018)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.1%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 99% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 14 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 12.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 11.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 14% (2020 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Hungary
Local long form: none
Local short form: Magyarorszag
Former: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic
Etymology: the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the 'Oungroi,' a name that was later Latinized to 'Ungri' and which became 'Hungari'; the name originally meant an '[alliance of] ten tribes'; the Hungarian name 'Magyarorszag' means 'Country of the Magyars'; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Budapest
Geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called 'Pession' in ancient times; 'Buda' may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name

Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)

Independence: 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

National holiday: Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083

Constitution
History: previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018

Legal system: civil legal system influenced by the German model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)
Head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held in April or May 2022)
Election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 April 2018 (next to be held in April 2022)
Election results: percent of vote by party list - Fidesz-KDNP 49.3%, Jobbik 19.1%, MSZP-PM 11.9%, LMP 7.1%, DK 5.4%, Momentum Movement 3.1%, Together 0.7%, LdU 0.5%, other 2.9%; seats by party - Fidesz 117, Jobbik 26, KDNP 16, MSZP 15,  DK 9, LMP 8, PM 5, Together 1, LdU 1, independent 1; composition (as of October 2021) - men 173, women 26, percent of women 13.1%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and has a maximum of 113 judges, and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62
Subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts

Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]
Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY]
Dialogue for Hungary (Parbeszed) or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO]
Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN]
Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Bertalan TOTH]
Momentum Movement (Momentum Mozgalom) [Andras FEKETE-GYOR]
Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Tamas SNEIDER]
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or LdU [Olivia SCHUBERT]
Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Marta DEMETER, Laszlo LORANT-KERESZTES]
Together (Egyutt)

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKACS (since 23 December 2020)
In the us chancery: 3,910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 362-6,730
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 966-8,135
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc DILLARD (since 30 October 2020)
From the us embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
From the us mailing address: 5,270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-5,270
From the us telephone: [36] (1) 475-4,400
From the us FAX: [36] (1) 475-4,248
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

National symbols: Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green

National anthem
Name: 'Himnusz' (Hymn)
Lyrics and music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL
Note: adopted 1844

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 4.58% (2019 est.)

5.44% (2018 est.)

4.45% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 49.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 90.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -82.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 31.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 64.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beet, apples, pork, grapes

Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate: 7.4% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 4.414 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 4.9%
By occupation industry: 30.3%
By occupation services: 64.5% (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate: 3.45% (2019 est.)

3.71% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 12.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 11.9%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 14% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12.3% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 30.6 (2017 est.)

28.6 (2014)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.3%
Highest 10: 22.4% (2015)

Budget
Revenues: $61.98 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $64.7 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening

Taxes and other revenues: 44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.3% (2019 est.)

2.8% (2018 est.)

2.3% (2017 est.)

Current account balance: -$392 million (2019 est.)

$510 million (2018 est.)

Exports: $123.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$134.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$134.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)

Imports: $120.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$129.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$127.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $28 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $123.256 billion (2019 est.)

$125.29 billion (2018 est.)

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 30.22 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 39.37 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: $5.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 17.95 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 8.639 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 22% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 13% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 16,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 2,713 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports: 121,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 24 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 167,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 1.812 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 10.39 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $3.52 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 13.37 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 6.598 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2,970,347 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30.75 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 10,332,660 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media

Internet
Country code: .hu
Users total: 8.01 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 84.77% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 3,265,308 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33.8 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures: 1.85% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.25% of GDP (2019)

1.01% of GDP (2018)

1.19% of GDP (2017)

1% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: the Hungarian Defense Forces are a unified force (Joint Force Command) with Land Forces, Air Forces, and Logistics components (2021)

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2021)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 5 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 145
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 31,226,848 (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: HA

Airports
Total: 41 (2013)
With paved runways total: 20
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 6
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 6
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 21
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 8
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 (2013)

Heliports: 3 (2013)

Pipelines: 5,874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83,732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1200 km refined products (2016)

Railways
Total: 8,049 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified) (2014)
Narrowgauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)
Broadgauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge (2014)

Roadways
Total: 203,601 km (2014)
Paved: 77,087 km (includes 1,582 km of expressways) (2014)
Unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)

Waterways: 1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)

Merchant marine
Total: 1
By type: other 1 (2021)

Ports and terminals
River ports: Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)

Disputes international: bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
Stateless persons: 145 (2020)
Note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy