Background: Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union 'Solidarity' that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A 'shock therapy' program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. 

Geographic coordinates: 52 00 N, 20 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 312,685 km²
Land: 304,255 km²
Water: 8,430 km²
Comparative: about twice the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than New Mexico

Land boundaries
Total: 2,865 km
Border countries: (6) Belarus 375 km; , Czechia 699 km; , Germany 467 km; , Lithuania 100 km; , Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; , Slovakia 517 km; , Ukraine 498 km

Coastline: 440 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties

Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Terrain: mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Elevation
Highest point: Rysy 2,499 m
Lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
Mean elevation: 173 m

Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 48.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 36.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 30.6% (2018 est.)
Other: 21.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 970 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Vistula river source and mouth (shared with Belarus and Ukraine) - 1,213 km

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding

Geography
Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

Population
Distribution: population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk: 38,185,913 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: -0.23% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 15.4% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Pole(s)
Adjective: Polish

Ethnic groups: Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)
Note: represents ethnicity declared first

Languages: Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3%; note - data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Catholic 85% (includes Roman Catholic 84.8% and other Catholic 0.3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentecostal), other 0.3% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Church of Jesus Christ), unspecified 12.9% (2020 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.83% (male 2,918,518/female 2,756,968)
15-24 years: 9.8% (male 1,928,637/female 1,823,894)
25-54 years: 43.33% (male 8,384,017/female 8,203,646)
55-64 years: 13.32% (male 2,424,638/female 2,675,351)
65 years and over: 18.72% (male 2,867,315/female 4,299,341) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 51.4
Youth dependency ratio: 23
Elderly dependency ratio: 28.4
Potential support ratio: 3.5 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 41.9 years
Male: 40.3 years
Female: 43.6 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.23% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 8.69 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 10.68 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.33 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk

Urbanization
Urban population: 60.1% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: -0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.790 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2021)

Environment
Current issues: decreased emphasis on heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-communist governments has improved environment; air pollution remains serious because of emissions from burning low-quality coals in homes and from coal-fired power plants; the resulting acid rain causes forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 20.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 299.04 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 46.62 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.6 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.22 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 4.64 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 3.78 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.53 years
Male: 74.76 years
Female: 82.51 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.39 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 62.3% (2014)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.3% (2018)

Physicians density: 2.38 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 6.5 beds/1000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 99.8% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: NA
People living with hivaids: NA
Deaths: NA

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
Vector borne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.1% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.7% (2010/12)

Education expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (2018)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.7% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 17 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 10.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 10.3%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 11.6% (2020 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Poland
Conventional short form: Poland
Local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
Local short form: Polska
Former: Polish People's Republic
Etymology: name derives from the Polanians, a west Slavic tribe that united several surrounding Slavic groups (9th-10th centuries A.D.) and who passed on their name to the country; the name of the tribe likely comes from the Slavic 'pole' (field or plain), indicating the flat nature of their country

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Warsaw
Geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the origin of the name is unknown; the Polish designation 'Warszawa' was the name of a fishing village and several legends/traditions link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz

Administrative divisions: 16 voivodships [provinces] (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie (Lodz), Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie (Opole), Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie (Holy Cross), Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)

Independence: 11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 14 April 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)

National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997
Amendments: proposed by at least one fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum; amended 2006, 2009

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: both parents must be citizens of Poland
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Andrzej DUDA (since 6 August 2015)
Head of government: Prime Minister Mateusz MORAWIECKI (since 11 December 2017); Deputy Prime Ministers Piotr GLINSKI (since 16 November 2015), Jacek SASIN (since 15 November 2019), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI (6 October 2020) and Henryk KOWALCZYK (26 October 2021)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by the Sejm
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 June 2020 with a second round on 12 July 2020 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister, deputy prime ministers, and Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate or Senat (100 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
Sejm (460 seats statutory - current 459; members elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote with 5% threshold of total votes needed for parties and 8% for coalitions to gain seats; minorities exempt from threshold; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last held on 13 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)
Sejm - last held on 13 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PiS 48, KO 43, PSL 3, SLD 2, independent 4; composition (as of October 2021) - men 76, women 24, percent of women 24%
Sejm - percent of vote by party - PiS 43.6%, KO 27.4%, SLD 12.6%, PSL 8.5% Confederation 6.8%, other 1.1%; seats by party - PiS 235, KO 134, SLD 49, PSL 30, KWiN 11, MN 1; men 329, women 130, percent of women 28.3%; note - total Parliament percent of women 27.5%
Note: the designation National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the 2 houses meet jointly

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the first president of the Supreme Court and 120 justices organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and extraordinary appeals and public affairs and disciplinary chambers); Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Judge selection and term of office: president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judicial Council and appointed by the president of Poland; judges serve until retirement, usually at age 65, but tenure can be extended; Constitutional Tribunal judges chosen by the Sejm for single 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: administrative courts; military courts; local, regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts

Political parties and leaders: Civic Coalition or KO [Donald TUSK]
Confederation Liberty and Independence or KWiN [Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE, Robert WINNICKI, Grzegorz BRAUN]
New Left [Wlodzimierz CZARZASTY]
German Minority or MN [Ryszard GALLA]
Kukiz 15 or K15 [Pawel KUKIZ]
Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]
TERAZ! (NOW!) [Ryszard PETRU]
Nowoczesna (Modern) or N [Adam SZLAPKA]
Poland 2,050 or PL2,050 [Szymon HOLOWNIA]
Polish People's Party or PSL [Wladyslaw KOSINIAK-KAMYSZ]
Razem (Together) [collective leadership]

International organization participation: Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Piotr Mark MAGIEROWSKI (since 23 November 2021)
In the us chancery: 2,640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 499-1700
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 328-2,152
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires B. Bix ALIU (since January 2021)
From the us embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, 00-540 Warsaw
From the us mailing address: 5,010 Warsaw Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,010
From the us telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000
From the us FAX: [48] (22) 504-2,088
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
Note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

National symbols: white crowned eagle; national colors: white, red

National anthem
Name: 'Mazurek Dabrowskiego' (Dabrowski's Mazurka)
Lyrics and music: Jozef WYBICKI/traditional
Note: adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as 'Jeszcze Polska nie zginela' (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 4.55% (2019 est.)

5.36% (2018 est.)

4.83% (2017 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 58.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 17.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 17.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 54% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -49.9% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.4% (2017 est.)
Industry: 40.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 57.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, sugar beet, wheat, potatoes, triticale, maize, barley, apples, mixed grains, rye

Industries: machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 7.5% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 9.561 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 11.5%
By occupation industry: 30.4%
By occupation services: 57.6% (2015)

Unemployment rate: 5.43% (2019 est.)

6.08% (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 10.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 10.3%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 11.6% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 15.4% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 29.7 (2017 est.)

33.7 (2008)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3%
Highest 10: 23.9% (2015 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $207.5 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $216.2 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 39.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 50.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.17% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 2.1% (2019 est.)

1.7% (2018 est.)

2% (2017 est.)

Current account balance: $2.92 billion (2019 est.)

-$7.52 billion (2018 est.)

Exports: $333.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$330.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$324.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 27%, Czechia 6%, United Kingdom 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)

Imports: $292.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$302.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$306.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Partners: Germany 25%, China 10%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum,  packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $113.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $351.77 billion (2019 est.)

$373.721 billion (2018 est.)

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Production: 156.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 149.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: $12.02 billion kWh (2016)
Imports: 14.02 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 38.11 million kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 79% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 21,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 4,451 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports: 493,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 126 million bbl (1 January 2018)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 554,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption: 649,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 104,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 222,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 5.748 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 20.1 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: $1.246 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 15.72 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 79.79 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 5,777,428 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15.27 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 49,350,724 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130.4 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2019)

Internet
Country code: .pl
Users total: 31.97 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 86.84% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 8,212,601 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21.7 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures: 2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

2.31% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.98% of GDP (2019)

2.02% of GDP (2018)

1.89% of GDP (2017)

Military and security forces: Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Force (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (includes coast guard duties) (2021)

note - the Polish Armed Forces are organized into a General Staff, an Armed Forces General Command, an Armed Forces Operational Command, Territorial Defense Forces (established 2017), Military Police, and the Warsaw Garrison Command

Military service age and obligation: 18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 24 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2021)

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 169
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 9,277,538 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 271.49 million mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: SP

Airports
Total: 126 (2013)
With paved runways total: 87
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 30
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 36
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10
With paved runways under 914 m: 6 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 39
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 17
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 21 (2013)

Heliports: 6 (2013)

Pipelines: 14,198 km gas, 1374 km oil, 2,483 km refined products (2019)

Railways
Total: 19,231 km (2016)
Standard gauge: 18,836 km 1.435-m gauge (11,874 km electrified) (2016)
Broadgauge: 395 km 1.524-m gauge (2016)

Roadways
Total: 420,000 km (2016)
Paved: 291,000 km (includes 1,492 km of expressways, 1,559 of motorways) (2016)
Unpaved: 129,000 km (2016)

Waterways: 3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2009)

Merchant marine
Total: 143
By type: general cargo 7, oil tanker 6, other 130 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie
Container ports teus: Gdansk (2,073,215) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Swinoujscie
River ports: Szczecin (River Oder)

Disputes international: as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 9,870 (Russia) (2019)
Stateless persons: 1,390 (2020)

Illicit drugs: source country for amphetamines