Background: Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.

Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 17 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1,759,540 km²
Land: 1,759,540 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: about 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries
Total: 4,339 km
Border countries: (6) Algeria 989 km; Chad 1,050 km; Egypt 1,115 km; Niger 342 km; Sudan 382 km; Tunisia 461 km

Coastline: 1,770 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm
Note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

Elevation
Highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
Mean elevation: 423 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

Land use
Agricultural land: 8.8% (2018 est.)
Forest: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 91.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 4,700 km² (2012)

Major watersheds area km²: Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms

Population
Distribution: well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water : 7,137,931 (2022 est.)
Note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)
Growth rate: 1.65% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: about one-third of Libyans live at or below the national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Libyan(s)
Adjective: Libyan

Ethnic groups: Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Italian, Maltese, Pakistani, Tunisian, and Turkish)

Languages: Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, folk religion <1%, other <1%, unafilliated <1% (2020 est.)
Note: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims

Demographic profile: Despite continuing unrest, Libya remains a destination country for economic migrants. It is also a hub for transit migration to Europe because of its proximity to southern Europe and its lax border controls. Labor migrants have been drawn to Libya since the development of its oil sector in the 1960s. Until the latter part of the 1990s, most migrants to Libya were Arab (primarily Egyptians and Sudanese). However, international isolation stemming from Libya’s involvement in international terrorism and a perceived lack of support from Arab countries led QADHAFI in 1998 to adopt a decade-long pan-African policy that enabled large numbers of Sub-Saharan migrants to enter Libya without visas to work in the construction and agricultural industries. Although Sub-Saharan Africans provided a cheap labor source, they were poorly treated and were subjected to periodic mass expulsions.

Age structure
0-14 years: 33.65% (male 1,184,755/female 1,134,084)
15-24 years: 15.21% (male 534,245/female 513,728)
25-54 years: 41.57% (male 1,491,461/female 1,373,086)
55-64 years: 5.52% (male 186,913/female 193,560)
65 years and over: 4.04% (male 129,177/female 149,526) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50.8
Youth dependency ratio: 43.5
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.3
Potential support ratio: 13.8 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 25.8 years
Male: 25.9 years
Female: 25.7 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.65% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 21.56 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 3.45 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.61 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.183 million TRIPOLI (capital), 984,000 Misratah, 859,000 Benghazi (2023)

Environment
Current issues: desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, brings water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities; water pollution is a significant problem; the combined impact of sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste threatens Libya's coast and the Mediterranean Sea
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Law of the Sea

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 44.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 50.56 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 45.76 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 72 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.22 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 12.66 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 9.7 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.18 years
Male: 74.94 years
Female: 79.53 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.09 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 27.7% (2014)

Current health expenditure: NA

Physicians density: 2.09 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 3.2 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2021 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 32.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 11.7% (2014)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 91%
Male: 96.7%
Female: 85.6% (2015)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 48.7%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 40.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 67.8% (2012 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: State of Libya
Conventional short form: Libya
Local long form: Dawiat Libiya
Local short form: Libiya
Etymology: name derives from the Libu, an ancient Libyan tribe first mentioned in texts from the 13th century B.C.

Government type: in transition

Capital
Name: Tripoli (Tarabulus)
Geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries; by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning "region of the three cities" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east); over time, the shortened name of "Tripoli" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words tria and polis meaning "three cities"

Administrative divisions: 22 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi (Benghazi), Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati

Independence: 24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)

National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)

Constitution
History: previous 1951, 1977; in July 2017, the Constitutional Assembly completed and approved a draft of a new permanent constitution; in September 2018, the House of Representatives passed a constitutional referendum law in a session with contested reports of the quorum needed to pass the vote, and submitted it to the High National Elections Commission in December to begin preparations for a constitutional referendum; the referendum is planned in 2022, following the presidential election

Legal system: Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: varies from 3 to 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Chairman, Presidential Council, Mohammed Al MENFI (since 5 February 2021)
Head of government: Interim Prime Minister Abdul Hamid DUBAYBAH (since 5 February 2021)
Elections and appointments: Libya’s first direct presidential election, scheduled for 24 December 2021, was not held

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral House of Representatives (Majlis Al Nuwab) or HoR (200 seats including 32 reserved for women; members directly elected by majority vote; member term NA); note - the High State Council serves as an advisory group for the HoR
Elections: last held on 25 June 2014
Election results: 25 June 2014 - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition; note - only 188 of the 200 seats were filled in the June 2014 election because of boycotts and lack of security at some polling stations; some elected members of the HoR also boycotted the election

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts; the judicial system is factious given the ongoing tension between Libya's eastern and western regions; since 2011, Libyan political factions and armed groups have targeted judges and courthouses

Political parties and leaders: NA

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNSMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Khaled DAIEF (since 27 August 2021)
In the us chancery: 1460 Dahlia Street NW, Washington, DC 20,012
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 944-9,601
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 944-9,606
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Richard B. NORLAND (since 22 August 2019)
From the us embassy: operations suspended
From the us mailing address: 8,850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC 20,521-8,850
From the us telephone: [216] 71-107-000
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe; the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design of the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-1969) on 27 February 2011; it replaced the former all-green banner promulgated by the QADHAFI regime in 1977; the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black symbolizes Cyrenaica, and green denotes Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent Islam, the main religion of the country

National symbols: star and crescent, hawk; national colors: red, black, green

National anthem
Name: "Libya, Libya, Libya"
Lyrics and music: Al Bashir AL AREBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
Note: also known as "Ya Beladi" or "Oh, My Country!"; adopted 1951; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; during the QADHAFI years between 1969 and 2011, the anthem was "Allahu Akbar," (God is Great) a marching song of the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 5 (all cultural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 71.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 19.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 2.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.3% (2016 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -33.8% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.3% (2017 est.)
Industry: 52.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 46.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: potatoes, watermelons, tomatoes, onions, dates, milk, olives, wheat, poultry, vegetables

Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

Industrial production growth rate: 60.3% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 1.114 million (2017 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 17%
By occupation industry: 23%
By occupation services: 59% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate: 30% (2004 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 48.7%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 40.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 67.8% (2012 est.)

Population below poverty line
Note: about one-third of Libyans live at or below the national poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: NA
Highest 10: NA

Budget
Revenues: $15.78 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $23.46 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-25.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 51.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Italy 18%, China 16%, Germany 15%, Spain 15%, United Arab Emirates 6%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 16%, Turkey 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Egypt 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, cigarettes, jewelry (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2019)
Installed generating capacity: 10.516 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 25,360,340,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 465 million kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 6.801 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 1,252,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 219,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,067,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 48.363 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 89,620 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 16,880 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 168,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 12,414,736,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Consumption: 7,669,690,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 4,441,150,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 1,504,868,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 38.297 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 30.018 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 8.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 107.118 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1.576 million (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 2.922 million (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2019)

Internet
Country code: .ly
Users total: 1,491,040 (2019 est.)
Users percent of population: 22% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 332,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures: not available

Military and security forces:
Note2: the national police force under the Ministry of Interior oversees internal security (with support from military forces under the Ministry of Defense), but much of Libya's security-related police work generally falls to informal armed groups, which received government salaries but lacked formal training, supervision, or consistent accountability

Military service age and obligation: not available

Terrorist groups: Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Libya (ISIS-L); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 9 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 55
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 927,153 (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5A

Airports
Total: 146 (2021)
With paved runways total: 68
With paved runways over 3047 m: 23
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 7
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 30
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 7
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 78
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 2
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 14
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 37
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 20 (2021)

Heliports: 2 (2021)

Pipelines: 882 km condensate, 3,743 km gas, 7,005 km oil (2013)

Roadways
Total: 37,000 km (2010)
Paved: 34,000 km (2010)
Unpaved: 3,000 km (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 94
By type: general cargo 2, oil tanker 12, other 80 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Marsa al Burayqah (Marsa el Brega), Tripoli
Oil terminals: Az Zawiyah, Ra's Lanuf
Lng terminals export: Marsa el Brega

Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 18,322 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 15,325 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 5,004 (Eritrea) (2022)
IDPs: 159,996 (conflict between pro-QADHAFI and anti-QADHAFI forces in 2011; post-QADHAFI tribal clashes 2014) (2022)