Background: The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.

Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 19 18 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 13,812 km²
Land: 13,452 km²
Water: 360 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware

Land boundaries
Total: 680 km
Border countries: (5) Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km

Coastline: 293.5 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: defined by treaty

Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Terrain: highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Elevation
Highest point: Zia Kolata 2,534 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 1,086 m

Natural resources: bauxite, hydroelectricity

Land use
Agricultural land: 38.2% (2018 est.)
Forest: 40.4% (2018 est.)
Other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 24 km² (2012)

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Population
Distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area: 604,966 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: -0.41% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 24.5% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Montenegrin(s)
Adjective: Montenegrin

Ethnic groups: Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Languages: Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Major language samples:

Religions: Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 18.14% (male 57,402/female 53,217)
15-24 years: 12.78% (male 40,220/female 37,720)
25-54 years: 39.65% (male 120,374/female 121,461)
55-64 years: 13.41% (male 40,099/female 41,670)
65 years and over: 16.02% (male 42,345/female 55,351) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 52.5
Youth dependency ratio: 27.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 24.8
Potential support ratio: 4 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 39.6 years
Male: 38.1 years
Female: 41.1 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.41% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 11.19 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 10.33 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -4.97 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Urbanization
Urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.02 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 0.75 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.3 years (2010 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.24 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 2.72 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 3.79 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.75 years
Male: 75.32 years
Female: 80.27 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 20.7% (2018)

Current health expenditure: 8.3% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 2.74 physicians/1000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 3.9 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: (2021 est.) <0.1%

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vector borne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.3% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 31.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 31.6% (2020 est.)
Female: 31.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.7% (2018/19)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.8%
Male: 99.5%
Female: 98.3% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 36%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 33.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 39.7% (2020 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Montenegro
Local long form: none
Local short form: Crna Gora
Former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
Geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around

Administrative divisions: 24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Independence: 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

National holiday: Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013

Legal system: civil law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)
Head of government: Prime Minister Dritan ABAZOVIC (since 28 April 2022)
Cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, Albanian Coalition 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, Albanian Coalition 1.; composition as of July 2022 - men 59, women 22, percent of women 27.2%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Political parties and leaders: Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DELJOSAJ]
Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA for 2020 election)
Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP
Albanian List or AL [Nik DELJOSAJ and Nazif CUNGU] (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA)
Bosniak Party or BS [Ervin IBRAHIMOVIC]
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Adrian VUKSANOVIC]
Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC]
Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]
Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)
Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI]
Democratic League of Albanians or DSA
Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]
Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA]
Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]
Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC]
Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]
Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]
Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]
For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP)
In Black and White [Dritan ABAZOVIC] (electoral list)
Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]
Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]
New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]
Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC]
Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Aleksa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI)
Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties)
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasko KONJEVIC]
Social Democrats or SD [Damir SEHOVIC]
Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]
True Montenegro or PRAVA or PCG [Marko MILACIC]
United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)
United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]
Workers' Party or RP [Maksim VUCINIC]

International organization participation: CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Note: Montenegro is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marija STJEPCEVIC (since 4 February 2021)
In the us chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 234-6,108
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 234-6,109
In the us email address and website: 
usa@mfa.gov.me
In the us consulate(s)general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
From the us embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81,000 Podgorica
From the us mailing address: 5,570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,570
From the us telephone: +382 (0)20-410-500
From the us FAX: [382] (0)20-241-358
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

National symbols: double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold

National anthem
Name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
Lyrics and music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
Note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.)
Government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.)
Industry: 15.9% (2016 est.)
Services: 76.6% (2016 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley

Industries: steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Industrial production growth rate: -4.2% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 167,000 (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 7.9%
By occupation industry: 17.1%
By occupation services: 75% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 36%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 33.6%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 39.7% (2020 est.)

Population below poverty line: 24.5% (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.5%
Highest 10: 25.7% (2014 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $1.78 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $2.05 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)
Commodities: aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 1.007 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 3,246,760,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 943 million kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.196 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 493 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 42.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 47.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 1.456 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1.351 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 96,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 142 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 7,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 357 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.447 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.333 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.114 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 77.286 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 191,768 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 1,080,089 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 172 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)

Internet
Country code: .me
Users total: 484,619 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 78% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 184,176 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro is a joint force with land, air, and naval elements (2022)

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2021)
Note: as of 2019, women made up about 6% of the military's full-time personnel

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 565,522 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 130,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4O

Airports
Total: 5 (2021)
With paved runways total: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2021)

Heliports: 1 (2021)

Railways
Total: 250 km (2017)
Standard gauge: 250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 7,762 km (2010)
Paved: 7,141 km (2010)
Unpaved: 621 km (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 17
By type: bulk carrier 4, other 13 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Bar

Disputes international: Montenegro-Albania: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 31,665 (Ukraine) (as of 20 December 2022)
Stateless persons: 458 (mid-year 2021)
Note: 28,589 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)

Illicit drugs: drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets