Background: Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14^th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19^th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.

Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 8 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1.267 million km²
Land: 1,266,700 km²
Water: 300 km²
Comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 5,834 km
Border countries: (7) Algeria 951 km; Benin 277 km; Burkina Faso 622 km; Chad 1,196 km; Libya 342 km; Mali 838 km; Nigeria 1,608 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north

Elevation
Highest point: Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m
Lowest point: Niger River 200 m
Mean elevation: 474 m

Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum

Land use
Agricultural land: 35.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 1% (2018 est.)
Other: 63.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 2,666 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Niger (shared with Guinea [s], Mali, Benin, and Nigeria [m]) - 4,200 km

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 km²)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 178.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 36 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 1.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 34.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: recurring droughts

Geography
Note: landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture

Population
Distribution: majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin : 24,484,587 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 3.66% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 40.8% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Nigerien(s)
Adjective: Nigerien

Ethnic groups: Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)

Languages: French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Religions: Muslim 99.3%, Christian 0.3%, animist 0.2%, none 0.1% (2012 est.)

Demographic profile: Niger has the highest total fertility rate (TFR) of any country in the world, averaging close to 7 children per woman in 2022. A slight decline in fertility over the last few decades has stalled. This leveling off of the high fertility rate is in large part a product of the continued desire for large families. In Niger, the TFR is lower than the desired fertility rate, which makes it unlikely that contraceptive use will increase. The high TFR sustains rapid population growth and a large youth population - almost 70% of the populace is under the age of 25, as of 2022. Gender inequality, including a lack of educational opportunities for women and early marriage and childbirth, also contributes to high population growth.

Age structure
0-14 years: 50.58% (male 5,805,102/female 5,713,815)
15-24 years: 19.99% (male 2,246,670/female 2,306,285)
25-54 years: 23.57% (male 2,582,123/female 2,784,464)
55-64 years: 3.17% (male 357,832/female 364,774)
65 years and over: 2.68% (male 293,430/female 317,866) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 105.4
Youth dependency ratio: 100.4
Elderly dependency ratio: 5
Potential support ratio: 20.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 14.8 years
Male: 14.5 years
Female: 15.1 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.66% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 47.08 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 9.87 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.64 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin

Urbanization
Urban population: 17.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.437 million NIAMEY (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 70.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.02 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 22.99 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 18.5 years (2012 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 509 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 66.81 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 71.73 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 61.75 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 60.09 years
Male: 58.55 years
Female: 61.68 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.82 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 11% (2021)

Current health expenditure: 5.7% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 0.04 physicians/1000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 0.4 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2021 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Watercontactdiseases: schistosomiasis
Animalcontactdiseases: rabies
Respiratorydiseases: meningococcal meningitis
Note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Niger is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 7.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 13.7% (2020 est.)
Female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 31.3% (2019)

Education expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 35.1%
Male: 43.6%
Female: 26.7% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 6 years
Male: 7 years
Female: 6 years (2017)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 16.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 16.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 17.5% (2017 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Niger
Conventional short form: Niger
Local long form: Republique du Niger
Local short form: Niger
Etymology: named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term "Ni Gir" meaning "River Gir"
Note: pronounced nee-zhair

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Niamey
Geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: according to tradition, the site was originally a fishing village named after a prominent local tree referred to as "nia niam"

Administrative divisions: 7 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district* (communaute urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960

Constitution
History: several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011, 2017

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law, based on French civil law, Islamic law, and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Niger
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: unknown

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Mohamed BAZOUM (since 2 April 2021)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ouhoumoudou MAHAMADOU (since 3 April 2021)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 December 2020 with a runoff held on 21 February 2021 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (171 statutory seats - 166 currently; 158 members directly elected from 8 multi-member constituencies in 7 regions and Niamey by party-list proportional representation, 8 reserved for minorities elected in special single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 5 seats reserved for Nigeriens living abroad - l seat per continent - elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 27 December 2020 (next scheduled in December 2025)
Election results: percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 37.04%, MODEN/FA Lumana 8.71%, MPR-Jamhuriya 7.59%, MNSD-Nassara 6.77%, RDR-Tchanji 4.41%, CPR-Inganci 4.15%, MPN-Kishin Kassa 3.97%, PJP Generation Dubara 2.88%, ANDP Zaman Lahya 2.46%, RPP Farrilla 2.10%, ARD Adaltchi-Mutuntchi 1.74%, AMEN AMIN 1.43%, MDEN Falala 1.42%, other 15.33%; seats by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 79, MODEN/FA Lumana 19, MPR-Jamhuriya 14, MNSD-Nassara 13, CPR-Inganci 8, MPN-Kishin Kassa 6, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 3, RPP Farrilla 2, PJP Generation Dubara 2, ARD Adaltchi-Mutuntchi 2, AMEN AMIN 2, other 16; composition - men 123, women 43, percent of women 25.9%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years; High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary; members serve 5-year terms
Subordinate courts: Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy and the Republic
Alliance for Democratic Renewal or ARD-Adaltchi-Mutuntchi [Laouan MAGAGI] 
Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]
Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Maradi Kassoum MOCTAR]
Democratic Alternation for Equity in Niger
Democratic and Republican Renewal-RDR-Tchanji [Mahamane OUSMANE]
Democratic Movement for the Emergence of Niger
National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]
Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Hassane BARAZE]
Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]
Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]
Nigerien Rally for Democracy and Peace
Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]
Peace, Justice, Progress-Generation Doubara
Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]
Rally for Peace and Progress
Social Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]
Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Sanoussi MAREINI]

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LCBC, MIGA, MINUSMA, MNJTF, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Kiari LIMAN-TINGUIRI (since 19 April 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 483-4,224
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 483-3,169
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant), Chargé d’Affaires, Susan N’GARNIM (since 23 August 2021)
From the us embassy: BP 11,201, Niamey
From the us mailing address: 2,420 Niamey Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,420
From the us telephone: [227] 20-72-26-61
From the us FAX: [227] 20-73-55-60
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people
Note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

National symbols: zebu; national colors: orange, white, green

National anthem
Name: "La Nigerienne" (The Nigerien)
Lyrics and music: Maurice Albert THIRIET/Robert JACQUET and Nicolas Abel Francois FRIONNET
Note: adopted 1961

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 70.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 9.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 38.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 16.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -34.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 41.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 19.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 38.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: millet, cow peas, sorghum, onions, milk, groundnuts, cassava, cabbages, goat milk, fruit

Industries: uranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 6.5 million (2017 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 79.2%
By occupation industry: 3.3%
By occupation services: 17.5% (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 16.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 16.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 17.5% (2017 est.)

Population below poverty line: 40.8% (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.2%
Highest 10: 26.8% (2014)

Budget
Revenues: $1.757 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $2.171 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 21.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 4.41% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: United Arab Emirates 54%, China 25%, France 7%, Pakistan 5% (2019)
Commodities: gold, sesame seeds, uranium, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 19%, France 9%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Cote d'Ivoire 6%, India 6%, Nigeria 5%, Togo 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Commodities: rice, packaged medicines, palm oil, cars, cement (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 14% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 71% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 2% (2019)
Installed generating capacity: 324,000 kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1,325,420,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.057 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 313 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 94.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 5.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 224,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 224,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 6 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 13,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 15,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 5,422 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 3,799 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 499,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.875 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 1.54 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 58,000 (2020)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 14.239 million (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media: state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private radio stations operate locally; as many as 100 community radio stations broadcast; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available

Internet
Country code: .ne
Users total: 2,331,072 (2019 est.)
Users percent of population: 10% (2019 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 12,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force, Niger Gendarmerie (GN); Ministry of Interior: Niger National Guard (GNN), National Police (2022)
Note2:

Military service age and obligation: has conscription, although it is reportedly not always enforced; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2022)

Terrorist groups: Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - West Africa (ISIS-WA); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5U

Airports
Total: 30 (2021)
With paved runways total: 10
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 6
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 20
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 15
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 2 (2021)

Heliports: 1 (2021)

Pipelines: 464 km oil

Roadways
Total: 18,949 km (2010)
Paved: 3,912 km (2010)
Unpaved: 15,037 km (2010)

Waterways: 300 km (2012) (the Niger, the only major river, is navigable to Gaya between September and March)

Merchant marine
Total: 1
By type: general cargo 1 (2021)

Disputes international: Niger-Benin-Nigeria: location of Niger-Benin-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 187,130 (Nigeria), 65,621 (Mali) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2022)
IDPs: 376,809 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2022)

Illicit drugs: a transit point for illicit drugs trafficked through the Sahara; drugs from South America, particularly cocaine, heroin, cannabis products, and synthetic drugs, transit en route to European and Middle Eastern markets; synthetic opioid tramadol is shipped from Nigeria through Niger to other African countries; hashish from Morocco is trafficked to Libya, Egypt, Europe, and the Middle East; traffickers are formalized networks of Arab, Tuareg, and Toubou transportation groups