Background: Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy, and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights. More recently, Spain has emerged from a severe economic recession that began in mid-2008, posting solid years of GDP growth above the EU average. Unemployment has fallen but remains high, especially among youth. Spain is the euro-zone's fourth-largest economy. The country has faced increased domestic turmoil in recent years due to the independence movement in its restive Catalonia region.

Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 4 00 W

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 505,370 km²
Land: 498,980 km²
Water: 6,390 km²
Note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
Comparative: almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Land boundaries
Total: 1,952.7 km
Border countries: (5) Andorra 63 km; France 646 km; Gibraltar 1.2 km; Portugal 1,224 km; Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km; and Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km
Note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Coastline: 4,964 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)

Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north

Elevation
Highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 660 m

Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 54.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 36.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 9.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 37,593 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Tagus river source (shared with Portugal [m]) - 1,006

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: periodic droughts, occasional flooding

Geography
Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas; Spain's Canary Islands are one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), and Cabo Verde

Population
Distribution: with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona: 47,163,418 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 0.13% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 20.7% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Spaniard(s)
Adjective: Spanish

Ethnic groups: Spanish 84.8%, Moroccan 1.7%, Romanian 1.2%, other 12.3% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent population by country of birth

Languages: Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers); note - Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Major language samples:

Religions: Roman Catholic 58.2%, atheist 16.2%, agnostic 10.8%, other 2.7%, non-believer 10.5%, unspecified 1.7% (2021 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.02% (male 3,861,522/female 3,650,085)
15-24 years: 9.9% (male 2,557,504/female 2,392,498)
25-54 years: 43.61% (male 11,134,006/female 10,675,873)
55-64 years: 12.99% (male 3,177,080/female 3,319,823)
65 years and over: 18.49% (male 3,970,417/female 5,276,984) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 52.4
Youth dependency ratio: 21.9
Elderly dependency ratio: 30.2
Potential support ratio: 3.3 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 43.9 years
Male: 42.7 years
Female: 45.1 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.13% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 7.13 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 10.22 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 4.35 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla

Major urban areas
Population: 6.751 million MADRID (capital), 5.687 million Barcelona, 838,000 Valencia (2023)

Environment
Current issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas and drought are negatively impacting water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 9.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 244 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 36.94 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 31.2 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.47 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 2.73 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 2.19 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.55 years
Male: 79.84 years
Female: 85.4 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.27 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 62.1% (2018)
Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Current health expenditure: 9.1% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 4.44 physicians/1000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density: 3 beds/1000 population (2018)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2021 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Respiratorydiseases: Covid-19 (see note) (2020)
Note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Spain; as of 9 December 2022, Spain has reported a total of 13,614,807 cases of COVID-19 or 28,764.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 116,108 cumulative deaths or a rate of 245.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Spain to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 10.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 4.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 3.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 27.7% (2020 est.)
Male: 28.6% (2020 est.)
Female: 26.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.6%
Male: 99%
Female: 98.2% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 18 years
Male: 18 years
Female: 19 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 34.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 34.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 35.6% (2021 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
Conventional short form: Spain
Local long form: Reino de Espana
Local short form: Espana
Etymology: derivation of the name "Espana" is uncertain, but may come from the Phoenician term "span," related to the word "spy," meaning "to forge metals," so, "i-spn-ya" would mean "place where metals are forged"; the ancient Phoenicians long exploited the Iberian Peninsula for its mineral wealth

Government type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Capital
Name: Madrid
Geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Timezone note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)
Etymology: the Romans named the original settlement "Matrice" after the river that ran through it; under Arab rule it became "Majerit," meaning "source of water"; in medieval Romance dialects (Mozarabic) it became "Matrit," which over time changed to "Madrid"

Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]
Note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)

Independence: 1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

National holiday: National Day (Hispanic Day), 12 October (1492); note - commemorates the arrival of COLUMBUS in the Americas

Constitution
History: previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Amendments: proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2011

Legal system: civil law system with regional variations

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain
Dual citizenship recognized: only with select Latin American countries
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years for persons with no ties to Spain

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR, Princess of Asturias (daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005)
Head of government: President of the Government (Prime Minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ PEREZ-CASTEJON (since 2 June 2018); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Maria del Carmen CALVO POYATO (since 7 June 2018)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
Elections and appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the party or coalition with the largest number of seats, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; election last held on 10 November 2019 (next to be held November 2023); vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Election results: percent of National Assembly vote - NA
Note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of:
Senate or Senado (265 seats; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 57 members indirectly elected by the legislatures of the autonomous communities; members serve 4-year terms)
Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a 3% threshold needed to gain a seat, and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms or until the government is dissolved)
Elections: 
Senate - last held on 10 November 2019 (next to be held no later than 30 November 2023)
Congress of Deputies - last held on 10 November 2019 (next to be held no later than 30 November 2023)
Election results: 
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PSOE 113, PP 101, ERC 14, PNV 10, Junts 5, Cs 3, Vox 3, other 16; composition (as of mid-2022) - men 161, women 104; percent of women 39.3%
Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 34.3%, PP 25.1%, Vox 14.9%, UP 9.4%, ERC 3.7%, Cs

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, lawyers, and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance

Political parties and leaders: Asturias Forum or FAC [Carmen MORIYON]
Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu [Arnaldo OTEGI] (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties)
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR]
Canarian Coalition or CC [Fernando Clavijo BATLLE] (coalition of 5 parties)
Ciudadanos Party (Citizens Party) or Cs [Ines ARRIMADAS]
Compromis - Compromise Coalition [Enric MORERA i Català]
Together for Catalonia or JuntsxCat [Laura BORRAS]
People's Party or PP [Pablo CASADO]
Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS]
Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Pedro SANCHEZ]
Teruel Existe or TE [Tomas GUITARTE]
Unidas Podemos (United We Can) or UP [Ione BELARRA] (formerly Podemos IU; electoral coalition formed for May 2016 election)
Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Javier ESPARZA]
Vox or VOX [Santiago ABASCAL]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Santiago CABANAS Ansorena (since 17 September 2018)
In the us chancery: 2,375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 833-5,670
In the us email address and website: 
emb.washington@maec.es
[link]
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Julissa REYNOSO (since 2 February 2022); note - also accredited to Andorra
From the us embassy: Calle de Serrano, 75, 28,006 Madrid
From the us mailing address: 8,500 Madrid Place, Washington DC 20,521-8,500
From the us telephone: [34] (91) 587-2,200
From the us FAX: [34] (91) 587-2,303
From the us email address and website: 
askACS@state.gov
[link]

Flag description: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
Note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre

National symbols: Pillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow

National anthem
Name: "Himno Nacional Espanol" (National Anthem of Spain)
Lyrics and music: no lyrics/unknown
Note: officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem is the first anthem to be officially adopted, but it has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as "Marcha Real" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by "Himno de Riego" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 49 (43 cultural, 4 natural, 2 mixed)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 18.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 20.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.6% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 34.1% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -31.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 23.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 74.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: barley, milk, wheat, olives, grapes, tomatoes, pork, maize, oranges, sugar beets

Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Industrial production growth rate: 4% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 19.057 million (2020 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 4.2%
By occupation industry: 24%
By occupation services: 71.7% (2009)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 34.8%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 34.1%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 35.6% (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line: 20.7% (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.5%
Highest 10: 24% (2011)

Budget
Revenues: $498.1 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $539 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 37.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: France 15%, Germany 11%, Italy 8%, Portugal 8%, United Kingdom 7%, United States 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Germany 13%, France 11%, China 8%, Italy 7% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 115.837 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 233.267 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Exports: $14.649 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 17.928 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 23.999 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 32.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 21.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 8.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 22.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 13.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 546,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 4.918 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 2.083 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 4.857 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.187 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 47,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 1.328 million bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 1,364,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 1.361 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 562,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports: 464,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 57.99 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Consumption: 32.03 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Exports: $1.185 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Imports: 32.489 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.549 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 280.624 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 16.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 191.299 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 72.582 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 122.673 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 19,455,658 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 55,354,900 (2019)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118.44 (2019)

Broadcast media: a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations 

Internet
Country code: .es
Users total: 44,047,980 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 93% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 16,188,502 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE; includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA); Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) (2022)
Note: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance

Military service age and obligation: 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 24-36 month initial obligation; women allowed to serve in all branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but the Spanish Government retains the right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; 18-58 for the voluntary reserves (2022)

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 21 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 552
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,672,105 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.117 billion (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: EC

Airports
Total: 135 (2021)
With paved runways total: 102
With paved runways over 3047 m: 18
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 16
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 19
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 26
With paved runways under 914 m: 23 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 33
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 14
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 19 (2021)

Heliports: 13 (2021)

Pipelines: 10,481 km gas, 358 km oil, 4,378 km refined products (2017)

Railways
Total: 15,111 km (2017) (9,699 km electrified)
Standard gauge: 2,571 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (2,571 km electrified)
Narrowgauge: 1,207 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge (400 km electrified)
Broadgauge:

Roadways
Total: 683,175 km (2011)
Paved: 683,175 km (2011) (includes 16,205 km of expressways)

Waterways: 1,000 km (2012)

Merchant marine
Total: 478
By type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 36, oil tanker 24, other 417 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: 
Atlantic Ocean: Bilbao, Huelva; Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in the Canary Islands)
Mediterranean Sea: Algeciras, Barcelona, Cartagena, Tarragona, Valencia
Container ports teus: Algeciras (5,125,385), Barcelona (3,324,650), Valencia (5,439,827) (2019)
Lng terminals import: Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, El Musel, Huelva, Mugardos, Sagunto
River ports: Seville (Guadalquivir River)

Disputes international: Spain-Andorra: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 14,823 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 158,789 (Ukraine) (as of 20 December 2022)
Stateless persons: 692 (mid-year 2021)
Note: 277,496 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals, including Canary Islands (January 2015-December 2022)

Illicit drugs: primary transit point in Europe for cocaine from South America and for hashish from Morocco; cocaine is shipped in raw or liquid form with mixed cargo to avoid detection; traffickers ship methamphetamine via express mail; increasing indoor cannabis production; illegal labs cutting, mixing, and reconstituting cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine labs; synthetic drugs, including ketamine and MDMA (ecstasy) transit from Spain to the US