Background:

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 30 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1,861,484 km²
Land: 1,731,671 km²
Water: 129,813 km²
Comparative: slightly less than one-fifth the size of the US

Land boundaries
Total: 6,819 km
Border countries: (7) Central African Republic 174 km; Chad 1,403 km; Egypt 1,276 km; Eritrea 682 km; Ethiopia 744 km; Libya 382 km; South Sudan 2,158 km
Note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan

Coastline: 853 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north

Elevation
Highest point: Jabal Marrah 3,042 m
Lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 568 m

Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 100% (2018 est.)
Forest: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 0% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 15,666 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 km

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 km²)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Geography
Note: the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea

Population
Distribution: with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur : 47,958,856 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 2.55% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 46.5% (2009 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Sudanese

Ethnic groups: Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Ingessana, Uduk, Fallata, Masalit, Dajo, Gimir, Tunjur, Berti; there are over 500 ethnic groups

Languages: Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur
Major language samples:

Religions: Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.01% (male 9,726,937/female 9,414,988)
15-24 years: 20.94% (male 4,852,903/female 4,687,664)
25-54 years: 29.89% (male 6,633,567/female 6,986,241)
55-64 years: 4.13% (male 956,633/female 923,688)
65 years and over: 3.03% (male 729,214/female 649,721) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 76.9
Youth dependency ratio: 74
Elderly dependency ratio: 6.2
Potential support ratio: 16.2 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 18.3 years
Male: 18.1 years
Female: 18.5 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.55% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 33.47 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 6.3 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.67 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur

Urbanization
Urban population: 36.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 6.344 million KHARTOUM (capital), 1.057 million Nyala (2023)

Environment
Current issues: water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 47.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 20 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 75.1 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 295 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 42.27 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 47.76 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 36.5 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 67.12 years
Male: 64.89 years
Female: 69.46 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 12.2% (2014)

Current health expenditure: 4.6% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 0.26 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 0.7 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2021 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever
Watercontactdiseases: schistosomiasis
Animalcontactdiseases: rabies
Respiratorydiseases: meningococcal meningitis

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 6.6% (2014)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 1.63 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 33% (2014)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 60.7%
Male: 65.4%
Female: 56.1% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 8 years
Male: 8 years
Female: 7 years (2015)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 32.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 27.4%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 43.5% (2011 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
Conventional short form: Sudan
Local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
Local short form: As-Sudan
Former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Etymology: the name "Sudan" derives from the Arabic "bilad-as-sudan" meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Khartoum
Geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic "al-jartum" meaning "elephant's trunk" or "hose," and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words "khar-tuom," indicating a "place where rivers meet"

Administrative divisions: 18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile
Note: the peace Agreement signed in October 2020 included a provision to establish a system of governance that will likely restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into regions

Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Constitution
History: previous 1973, 1998, 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the "Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period," or “2019 Constitutional Declaration” was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019
Amendments: amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan; the military suspended several provisions of the Constitutional Declaration in October 2021

Legal system: mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law; note - in mid-July 2020, Sudan amended 15 provisions of its 1991 penal code

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: the father must be a citizen of Sudan
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; note - the 2019 Constitutional Declaration established a collective chief of state of the "Sovereign Council," which was chaired by al-BURHAN; on 25 October 2021, al-BURHAN dissolved the Sovereign Council but reinstated it on 11 November 2021, replacing its civilian members (previously selected by the umbrella civilian coalition the Forces for Freedom and Change) with civilians of the military’s choosing; the Sovereign Council currently consists of 5 military-appointed civilians, 5 generals, and 3 representatives selected by former armed opposition groups
Head of government: Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; Acting Prime Minister Osman HUSSEIN (since 19 January 2022); note - former Prime Minister Abdallah HAMDOUK resigned on 2 January 2022; HAMDOUK served as prime minister from August 2019 to October 2019 before he was kidnapped; he was later freed and reinstated as prime minister on 21 November 2021
Cabinet: most members of the Council of Ministers were forced from office in October 2021 by the military and subsequently resigned in November 2021; the military allowed a handful of ministers appointed by former armed opposition groups to retain their posts; at present, most of the members of the Council are senior civil servants serving in an acting minister capacity appointed either by Prime Minister HAMDOUK prior to his resignation or by the military
Elections and appointments: the 2019 Constitutional Declaration originally called for elections to be held in late 2022 at the end of the transitional period; that date was pushed back to late 2023 by the Juba Peace Agreement; the methodology for future elections has not yet been defined; according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, civilian members of the Sovereign Council and the prime minister were to have been nominated by an umbrella coalition of civilian actors known as the Forces for Freedom and Change; this methodology was followed in selecting HAMDOUK as prime minister in August 2019; the military purports to have suspended this provision of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration in October 2021; Prime Minister HAMDOUK’s restoration to office in November 2021 was the result of an agreement signed between him and Sovereign Council Chair BURHAN; military members of the Sovereign Council are selected by the leadership of the security forces; representatives of former armed groups to the Sovereign Council are selected by the signatories of the Juba Peace Agreement
Election results: NA

Legislative branch
Description: according to the August 2019 Constitutional Declaration, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) was to have served as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections could be held; as of March 2022, the TLC had not been established
Elections: Council of State - last held 1 June 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019
National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015; subsequently dissolved in April 2019
note - according to the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, elections for a new legislature are to be held in late 2023
Election results: Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; former composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; former seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; former composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - former
total National Legislature percent of women 31%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary and has not been appointed since the signature of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration
Judge selection and term of office: National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration
Subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts

Political parties and leaders: Major Parties as of April 2019:
Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]
Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Babika BABIKER]
Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]
Muslim Brotherhood or MB [Sadig Abdalla ABDELMAJID and Dr. Yousif Al-Hibir Nor-ELDAYIM]
National Congress Party or NCP [Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR]
National Umma Party or NUP [Fadlallah Baramah NASSER]
Popular Congress Party or PCP [Nawal Al-KHIDIR]
Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]
Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]
Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]
Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Omar El DIGAIR]
Umma Party for Reform and Development [Mubarak Al-Fadul Al-MAHDI]
Unionist Movement Party or UMP [led by DUP Chair Mohammed Osama Al-MERGHANI]

International organization participation: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Abdalla Idris MOHAMED (since 16 September 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 338-8,565
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 667-2,406
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lucy TAMLYN  (since 3 February  2022)
From the us embassy: P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum
From the us mailing address: 2,200 Khartoum Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,200
From the us telephone: [249] 187-0-22,000
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity

National symbols: secretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green

National anthem
Name: "Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)
Lyrics and music: Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN
Note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 77.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 5.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.6% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 9.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -11.8% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 39.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 2.6% (2017 est.)
Services: 57.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, sorghum, milk, groundnuts, onions, sesame seed, goat milk, millet, bananas, wheat

Industries: oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling

Industrial production growth rate: 4.5% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 11.92 million (2007 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 80%
By occupation industry: 7%
By occupation services: 13% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 32.6%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 27.4%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 43.5% (2011 est.)

Population below poverty line: 46.5% (2009 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 34.2 (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.7%
Highest 10: 26.7% (2009 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $8.48 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $13.36 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-10.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 18.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: United Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)
Commodities: gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 31%, India 14%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Egypt 6% (2019)
Commodities: raw sugar, wheat, packaged medicines, jewelry, tires, cars and vehicle parts (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 47% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 71% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 35% (2019)
Installed generating capacity: 4.354 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 9,682,060,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 4.599 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 43.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 55.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 66,900 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 137,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 12,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 9,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 5 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 8,541 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 24,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 84.95 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 17.319 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 8.047 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 129,408 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2020 est.) less than 1
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 33,014,200 (2019)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 77.11 (2019)

Broadcast media: Following the establishment of Sudan’s civilian-led transitional government in August 2019, government-owned broadcasters became increasingly independent from government and military control. Following the October 2021 military takeover, additional restrictions were imposed on these government-owned broadcasters, which now practice a heightened degree of self-censorship but still operate more independently than in the pre-2019 environment. (2022)

Internet
Country code: .sd
Users total: 12,277,795 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 28% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 28,782 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures:
Note: many defense expenditures are probably off-budget

Military and security forces:

Military service age and obligation: 18-33 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service for men and women; 1-2 year service obligation (2022)
Note: implementation of conscription is reportedly uneven

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida; Harakat Sawa’d Misr
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 9 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 42
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 269,958 (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: ST

Airports
Total: 67 (2021)
With paved runways total: 17
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 11
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 50
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 17
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 24
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 9 (2021)

Heliports: 7 (2021)

Pipelines: 156 km gas, 4,070 km oil, 1,613 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 7,251 km (2014)
Narrowgauge:

Roadways
Total: 31,000 km (2019)
Paved: 8,000 km (2019)
Unpaved: 23,000 km (2019)
Urban: 1,000 km (2019)

Waterways: 4,068 km (2011) (1,723 km open year-round on White and Blue Nile Rivers)

Merchant marine
Total: 15
By type: other 15 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Port Sudan

Disputes international: Sudan-Central African Republic: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rights; Sudan closed its border with the Central African Republic in January 2022 due to security concerns

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 807,411 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 133,918 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,478 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 71,281 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 24,369 (Central African Republic) (2022)
IDPs: 3.71 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2022)