Background: Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16^th to late 19^th centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia also held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, expires in 2024. On 25 July 2021, SAIED seized exceptional powers allowed under Tunisia's constitution to fire the prime minister and suspend the legislature.

Geographic coordinates: 34 00 N, 9 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 163,610 km²
Land: 155,360 km²
Water: 8,250 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries
Total: 1,495 km
Border countries: (2) Algeria 1,034 km; Libya 461 km

Coastline: 1,148 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguouszone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 12 nm

Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara

Elevation
Highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
Mean elevation: 246 m

Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Land use
Agricultural land: 64.8% (2018 est.)
Forest: 6.6% (2018 est.)
Other: 28.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 3,920 km² (2013)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 137 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 965 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 3.773 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 4.615 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding; earthquakes; droughts

Geography
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

Population
Distribution: the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated : 11,896,972 (2022 est.)
Growth rate: 0.69% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line: 15.2% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Tunisian(s)
Adjective: Tunisian

Ethnic groups: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Languages: Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight); note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim (official; Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) <1%

Demographic profile: The Tunisian Government took steps in the 1960s to decrease population growth and gender inequality in order to improve socioeconomic development. Through its introduction of a national family planning program (the first in Africa) and by raising the legal age of marriage, Tunisia rapidly reduced its total fertility rate from about 7 children per woman in 1960 to 2 today. Unlike many of its North African and Middle Eastern neighbors, Tunisia will soon be shifting from being a youth-bulge country to having a transitional age structure, characterized by lower fertility and mortality rates, a slower population growth rate, a rising median age, and a longer average life expectancy.

Age structure
0-14 years: 25.28% (male 1,529,834/female 1,433,357)
15-24 years: 12.9% (male 766,331/female 745,888)
25-54 years: 42.85% (male 2,445,751/female 2,576,335)
55-64 years: 10.12% (male 587,481/female 598,140)
65 years and over: 8.86% (male 491,602/female 546,458) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50.9
Youth dependency ratio: 36.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.3
Potential support ratio: 7.5 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 32.7 years
Male: 32 years
Female: 33.3 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.69% (2022 est.)

Birth rate: 14.62 births/1000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate: 6.36 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.33 migrant(s)/1000 population (2022 est.)

Population distribution: the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated

Urbanization
Urban population: 70.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 2.475 million TUNIS (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 35.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 29.94 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 7.89 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 43 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.87 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 13.32 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 10.32 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.82 years
Male: 75.14 years
Female: 78.6 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 50.7% (2018)

Current health expenditure: 7% of GDP (2019)

Physicians density: 1.3 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 2.2 beds/1000 population (2017)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: (2021 est.) <0.1%

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 1.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 24.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 47.2% (2020 est.)
Female: 2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.6% (2018)

Education expenditures: 7.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 81.8%
Male: 89.6%
Female: 74.2% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 16 years (2016)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 34.9%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 33.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 37.2% (2017 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
Conventional short form: Tunisia
Local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
Local short form: Tunis
Etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Tunis

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Tunis
Geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word "ens," which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night," may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors

Administrative divisions: 24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)

Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day, 20 March (1956); Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)

Constitution
History: history: several previous; latest approved by Constituent Assembly 26 January 2014, signed by the president, prime minister, and Constituent Assembly speaker on 27 January 2014; note - in September 2021, President Kais SAIED issued a decree granting him certain executive, legislative, and judiciary powers, and the authority to rule by decree, but allowed continued implementation of the preamble and chapters one and two of the Constitution, which guarantee rights and freedoms; note - in a 25 July 2022 referendum, voters supported a new constitution proposed by the president

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Kais SAIED (elected 13 October, sworn in 23 October 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Najla BOUDEN Romdhane (since 11 October 2021)
Cabinet: selected by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly of the Representatives of the People; note - on 11 October 2021, SAIED and BOUDEN appointed a new cabinet without approval by the suspended parliament
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 15 September 2019 with a runoff on 13 October 2019 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the prime minister is selected by the majority party or majority coalition and appointed by the president
Election results: 2019: percent vote in first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 18.4%, Nabil KAROUI (Heart of Tunisia) 15.6%, Abdelfattah MOUROU (Nahda Movement) 12.9%, Abdelkrim ZBIDI(independent) 10.7%,Youssef CHAHED (Long Live Tunisia) 7.4%, Safi SAID (independent) 7.1%, Lotfi MRAIHI (Republican People's Union) 6.6%, other 21.3%; percent of vote in second round - Kais SAIED elected president; Kais SAIED 72.7%, Nabil KAROUI 27.3%

Legislative branch
Elections: initial election held on 6 October 2019 (next to be held on 17 December 2022)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Ennahda 19.6%, Heart of Tunisia 14.6%, Free Destourian Party 6.6%, Democratic Current 6.4%, Dignity Coalition 5.9%, People's Movement 4.5%, TahyaTounes 4.1%, other 35.4%, independent 2.9%; seats by party - Ennahda 52, Heart of Tunisia 38, Free Destourian Party 17, Democratic Current 22, Dignity Coalition 21, People's Movement 16, Long Live Tunisia 14, other 25, independent 12; composition (as of October 2021) - men 160, women 57, percent of women 26.3%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates and organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court (established in the constitution but inception has been delayed; note - in mid-February 2022, President SAIED dissolved the Supreme Judicial Council and replaced it with an interim council in early March
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts
Note: the new Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the creation of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but as November 2021, the court had not been appointed; the court to consist of 12 members - 4 each to be appointed by the president, the Supreme Judicial Council (an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder are legal specialists), and the Chamber of the People's Deputies (parliament); members are to serve 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years

Political parties and leaders: Afek Tounes [Fadhel ABDELKEFI]
Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) [Mehdi JOMAA]
Amal Party [Ridha BELHAJ]
Call for Tunisia Party (Nidaa Tounes) [Ali HAFSI]
Current of Love [Hachemi HAMDI] (formerly the Popular Petition party)
Democratic Current [Ghazi CHAOUACHI]
Democratic Patriots' Unified Party [Zied LAKHDHAR]
Dignity Coalition or Al Karama Coalition [Seifeddine MAKHLOUF]
Ennahda Movement (The Renaissance) [Rached GHANNOUCHI]
Free Destourian Party or PDL [Abir MOUSSI]
Green Tunisia Party [Abdelkader ZITOUNI]
Heart of Tunisia (Qalb Tounes) [Nabil KAROUI]
Long Live Tunisia (Tahya Tounes) [Youssef CHAHED]
Machrou Tounes (Project Tunisia) [Mohsen MARZOUK]
Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ahmed KHASKHOUSSI]
Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard [Kheireddine SOUABNI]
People's Movement [Zouheir MAGHZAOUI]
Republican Party (Al Joumhouri) [Issam CHEBBI]
The Movement Party (Hizb Harak) [Moncef MARZOUKI]
Third Republic Party [Olfa HAMDI]
Tunisian Ba'ath Movement [Othmen Bel Haj AMOR]
Workers' Party [Hamma HAMMAMI]

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Hanene TAJOURI Bessassi (since 4 October 2021)
In the us chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,005
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Natasha FRANCESCHI (since April 2022)
From the us embassy: Les Berges du Lac, 1053 Tunis
From the us mailing address: 6,360 Tunis Place, Washington DC 20,521-6,360
From the us telephone: [216] 71-107-000
From the us FAX: [216] 71-107-090
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
Note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire

National symbols: encircled red crescent moon and five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: "Humat Al Hima" (Defenders of the Homeland)
Lyrics and music: Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
Note: adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 71.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 19.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 43.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 10.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 26.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 63.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, olives, watermelons, green chillies/peppers, potatoes, dates, green onions/shallots

Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Industrial production growth rate: 0.5% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 4.054 million (2017 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 14.8%
By occupation industry: 33.2%
By occupation services: 51.7% (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 34.9%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 33.8%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 37.2% (2017 est.)

Population below poverty line: 15.2% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.6%
Highest 10: 27% (2010 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $9.876 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $12.21 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 24.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: France 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)
Commodities: insulated wiring, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, olive oil, vehicle parts (2019)

Imports:
Partners: France 17%, Italy 16%, Germany 8%, China 8%, Algeria 7% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, natural gas, low-voltage protection equipment, cars, insulated wiring (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2020)
Installed generating capacity: 5.777 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 16,737,180,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 631 million kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 472 million kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission distribution losses: 3.641 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 95.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 5,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 42,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 107,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 29,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 10,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 425 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum
Products production: 27,770 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 13,660 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 85,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 1,025,974,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 5,279,951,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 4,305,994,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 65.129 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 23.692 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 16,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.982 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 10.694 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 35.62 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,533,273 (2020 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 14.771 million (2019)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126.31 (2019)

Broadcast media: 2 state-owned TV stations; 10 private TV stations broadcast locally; satellite TV service is available; state-owned radio network with 2 stations; several dozen private radio stations and community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .tn
Users total: 8,509,405 (2020 est.)
Users percent of population: 72% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,334,059 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est.)

Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armées Tunisiennes, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Tunisia Air Force; Ministry of Interior: National Police, National Guard (2022)
Note: the National Police has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, while the National Guard (gendarmerie) oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas

Military service age and obligation: 20-23 years of age for male compulsory service, 1-year service obligation; individuals engaged in higher education or vocational training programs prior to their military drafting are allowed to delay service until they have completed their programs; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service; women may volunteer (2022)
Note1: as of 2021, approximately 20-25,000 active military personnel were conscripts

Terrorist groups: Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia; al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T.

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 7 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 53
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,274,199 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 13.23 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TS

Airports
Total: 29 (2021)
With paved runways total: 15
With paved runways over 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 6
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3 (2021)
With unpaved runways total: 14
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 8 (2021)

Pipelines: 68 km condensate, 3,111 km gas, 1,381 km oil, 453 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 2,173 km (2014) (1,991 in use)
Standard gauge: 471 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Narrowgauge: 1,694 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
Dualgauge: 8 km (2014) 1.435-1.000-m gauge

Roadways
Paved: 20,000 km (2015)

Merchant marine
Total: 71
By type: container ship 1, general cargo 8 oil tanker 1, other 61 (2021)

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira

Disputes international: none identified

Illicit drugs: NA