Background:

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 51,197 km²
Land: 51,187 km²
Water: 10 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Country comparison total: 1,543 km
Country comparison border countries: (3) Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km

Land boundaries
Total: 1,543 km
Border countries: (3) Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km

Coastline: 20 km

Maritime claims: NA

Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain: mountains and valleys

Elevation
Highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 500 m

Natural resources: coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 42.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 15% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 30 km² (2012)

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 37.5 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east

Population
Distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated
Total: 3,798,671
Male: 1,852,164
Female: 1,946,507 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.25% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
Adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic groups: Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)
Note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Languages: Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)
Major-language samples: Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian); Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian); Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.1% (male 257,444/female 240,209)
15-64 years: 68.3% (male 1,305,271/female 1,290,920)
65 years and over: 18.6% (2024 est.) (male 289,449/female 415,378)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 48
Youth dependency ratio: 22.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.1
Potential support ratio: 3.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 44.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 43.1 years
Female: 46.5 years

Population growth rate: -0.25% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 50.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 26.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 21.85 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.92 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.7 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.5 years (2024 est.)
Male: 75.5 years
Female: 81.6 years

Total fertility rate: 1.38 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 45.8% (2011/12)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population

Hospital bed density: 3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.5% of population
Improved rural: NA
Improved total: NA
Unimproved urban: 0.5% of population
Unimproved rural: NA
Unimproved total: (2020 est.) NA

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 17.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 35% (2020 est.)
Male: 42% (2020 est.)
Female: 28% (2020 est.)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.1%
Male: 99.4%
Female: 98.1% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2014)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 26.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 24.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 30.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Local long form: none
Local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
Former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; abbreviation: BiH
Etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word 'herzog,' meaning 'duke,' and the ending '-ovina,' meaning 'land,' forming the combination denoting 'dukedom'

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Sarajevo
Geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun saray, meaning 'palace' or 'mansion,' and the term ova, signifying 'plain(s),' to give a meaning of 'palace plains' or 'the plains about the palace'

Administrative divisions: 3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

Independence: 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
Note: referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity
Note: there is no national-level holiday

Constitution
History: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords)
Note: each of the political entities has its own constitution
Amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009

Legal system: civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (chairperson since 16 November 2024; presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat)
Head of government: Chairperson of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairperson, approved by the state-level House of Representatives
Elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in October 2026); the chairperson of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives
Election results: 2022: percent of vote - Denis BECIROVIC - (SDP BiH) 57.4% - Bosniak seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 55.8% - Croat seat; Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (SNSD) 51.7% - Serb seat; 2018: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat
Note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Lidiia BRADARA (since 28 February 2023); Vice Presidents Refik LENDO (since 28 February 2023) and Igor STOJANOVIC (since 28 February 2023); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2022); Vice Presidents Camil DURAKOVIC (since 15 November 2022) and Davor PRANJIC (since 15 November 2022)

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of: House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms), House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)
Elections: House of Peoples - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026), House of Representatives - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026)
Elections results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; composition - men 13, women 2, percentage women 13.3%, House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 17.2%, SNSD 16.3%, HDZ BiH 8.8%, SDP 8.2%, SDS 7.1%, DF-GS 6.4%, NiP 5%, PDP 4.6%, NS/HC 3.1%, NES 3%, For Justice and Order 2.1%, DEMOS 1.9%, US 1.6%, BHI KF 1.3%, other 13.4%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ BiH 4, DF-GS 3, NiP 3, SDS 2, PDP 2, NS/HC 2, NES 2, For Justice and Order 1, DEMOS 1, US 1, BHI KF 1; composition - men 34, women 8, percentage women 19.1%; total Parliamentary Assembly percentage women 17.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD , Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative or BHI KF , Civic Alliance or GS , Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH , Democratic Front or DF , Democratic Union or DEMOS, For Justice and Order, Our Party or NS/HC , Party for Democratic Action or SDA , Party of Democratic Progress or PDP , People and Justice Party or NiP, People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or NES , Serb Democratic Party or SDS , Social Democratic Party or SDP, United Srpska or US

International organization participation: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Note: Bosnia-Herzegovina is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ (since 30 June 2023)
In the us chancery: 2,109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
In the us fax: [1] (202) 337-1502
In the us email address and website: info@bhembassy.org; [link]
In the us consulates general: Chicago
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022)
From the us embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71,000 Sarajevo
From the us mailing address: 7,130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC 20,521-7,130
From the us telephone: [387] (33) 704-000
From the us fax: [387] (33) 659-722
From the us email address and website: sarajevoACS@state.gov; [link]
From the us branch offices: Banja Luka, Mostar

Flag description: a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

National symbols: golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

National anthem
Name: 'Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine' (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Lyrics/music: none officially/Dusan SESTIC
Note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2008 and others in 2016 were not approved

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Economy overview: import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $63.769 billion (2023 est.); $62.717 billion (2022 est.); $60.174 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.68% (2023 est.); 4.23% (2022 est.); 7.39% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $19,900 (2023 est.); $19,400 (2022 est.); $18,400 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 71.9% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 19.9% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2022 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.7% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 44.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -56.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.3% (2023 est.)
Industry: 23.3% (2023 est.)
Services: 56.4% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, plums, wheat, apples, barley, chicken, pears (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Industrial production growth rate: -2.8% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 1.369 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 10.42% (2023 est.); 12.66% (2022 est.); 14.9% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 26.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 24.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 30.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Budget
Revenues: $10.195 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $9.739 billion (2023 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 19.09% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 41.74% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)

Inflation rate consumer prices: 1.98% (2021 est.); -1.05% (2020 est.); 0.56% (2019 est.)

Current account balance: -$760.467 million (2023 est.); -$1.065 billion (2022 est.); -$418.984 million (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $11.942 billion (2023 est.); $11.794 billion (2022 est.); $10.058 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Croatia 14%, Germany 14%, Serbia 13%, Italy 10%, Austria 9% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: aluminum, electricity, footwear, garments, plastic products (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $15.398 billion (2023 est.); $15.162 billion (2022 est.); $12.738 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Croatia 16%, Serbia 13%, Germany 8%, Italy 8%, China 7% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, aluminum, garments, coal, cars (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $9.205 billion (2023 est.); $8.762 billion (2022 est.); $9.475 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $4.521 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 4.591 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 12.648 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 6.856 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 3.828 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.353 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 69.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 27.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 14.114 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 14.766 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 739,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.425 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.264 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Refined petroleum consumption: 36,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Natural gas
Consumption: 225.824 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 225.824 million m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 25.762 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 20.191 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 5.141 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 430,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 92.698 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 651,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 3.812 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.); 0.8% of GDP (2022); 0.9% of GDP (2021); 0.9% of GDP (2020); 0.8% of GDP (2019)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command; Ministry of Security: Border Police (2024)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2005 (2024)
Note: as of 2024, women made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel

Terrorist groups: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87 (2015) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T9

Airports: 13 (2024)

Heliports: 3 (2024)

Pipelines: 147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)

Roadways
Total: 8,619 km (2022)

Waterways: 990 km (2022) (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited)

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Idps: 91,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2022)
Stateless persons: 48 (2022)
Note: 153,304 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

Illicit drugs: drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets