Background: Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is part of the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. The country has opted out of certain elements of the EU's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union and justice and home affairs issues. a 2022 referendum resulted in the removal of Denmark's 30-year opt-out on defense issues, now allowing Denmark to participate fully in the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy.

Geographic coordinates: 56 00 N, 10 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 43,094 km²
Land: 42,434 km²
Water: 660 km²
Note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn) but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts; about two-thirds the size of West Virginia
Country comparison total: 141 km
Country comparison border countries: (2) Germany 140 km; Canada 1.3 km

Land boundaries
Total: 141 km
Border countries: (2) Germany 140 km; Canada 1.3 km

Coastline: 7,314 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling plains

Elevation
Highest point: Store Mollehoj 171 m
Lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m
Mean elevation: 34 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish, arable land, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand

Land use
Agricultural land: 63.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 58.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 4.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 12.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 23.7% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 2,360 km² (2020)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 530 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 6 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Geography
Note: composed of the Jutland Peninsula and a group of more than 400 islands (Danish Archipelago); controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen

Population
Distribution: with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland
Total: 5,973,136
Male: 2,975,261
Female: 2,997,875 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.44% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.4% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Dane(s)
Adjective: Danish

Ethnic groups: Danish (includes Greenlandic (who are predominantly Inuit) and Faroese) 84.2%, Turkish 1.1%, other 14.7% (largest groups are Polish, Romanian, Syrian, Ukrainian, German, and Iraqi) (2023 est.)
Note: data represent population by country of origin

Languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)
Note: English is the predominant second language
Major-language samples: Verdens Faktabog, den uundværlig kilde til grundlæggende oplysninger. (Danish); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Evangelical Lutheran (official) 71.4%, Muslim 4.3%, other/none/unspecified (denominations include Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, Buddhist, Church of Jesus Christ, Pentecostal, and nondenominational Christian) 24.3% (2024 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.2% (male 496,793/female 471,018)
15-64 years: 62.9% (male 1,903,315/female 1,856,615)
65 years and over: 20.8% (2024 est.) (male 575,153/female 670,242)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 57.3
Youth dependency ratio: 25.4
Elderly dependency ratio: 31.9
Potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 41 years
Female: 43.4 years

Population growth rate: 0.44% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 11.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 2.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland

Urbanization
Urban population: 88.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.381 million COPENHAGEN (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides; much of country's household and industrial waste is recycled
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 9.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 31.79 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 6.54 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.8 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.1 years (2024 est.)
Male: 80.2 years
Female: 84.1 years

Total fertility rate: 1.77 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Hospital bed density: 2.6 beds/1,000 population (2019)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 19.7% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 9.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 4.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 17.5% (2020 est.)
Male: 17.8% (2020 est.)
Female: 17.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 6.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 19 years
Male: 18 years
Female: 19 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 11.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 11.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Country name
Conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
Conventional short form: Denmark
Local long form: Kongeriget Danmark
Local short form: Danmark
Etymology: the name derives from the words 'Dane(s)' and 'mark'; the latter referring to a march (borderland) or forest

Government type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Capital
Name: Copenhagen
Geographic coordinates: 55 40 N, 12 35 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Note: applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components
Etymology: name derives from the city's Danish appellation Kobenhavn, meaning 'Merchant's Harbor'

Administrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark - 5 regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden (Capital), Midtjylland (Central Jutland), Nordjylland (North Jutland), Sjaelland (Zealand), Syddanmark (Southern Denmark)

Independence: ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under Harald I GORMSSON); 5 June 1849 (became a parliamentary constitutional monarchy)

National holiday: Constitution Day, 5 June (1849)
Note: closest equivalent to a national holiday

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953
Amendments: proposed by the Folketing (Parliament) with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40% of voters in a referendum, and assent of the chief of state; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession)

Legal system: civil law; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Denmark
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: King FREDERIK X (since 14 January 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Mette FREDERIKSEN (since 27 June 2019)
Cabinet: Council of State appointed by the monarch
Elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
Note: Queen MARGRETHE II abdicated on 14 January 2024, the first Danish monarch to voluntarily abdicate since King ERIC III in 1146

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 each representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)
Elections: last held on 1 November 2022 (next to be held by 31 October 2026)
Elections results: percent of vote by party - SDP 27.5%, V 13.3%, M 9.3%, SF 8.3%, E 8.1%, LA 8.1%, C 5.5%, EL 5.1%, SLP 3.8%, AP 3.3%, NB 3.3%, DF 2.6%; seats by party - SDP 50, V 23, M 16, SF 15, E 14, LA 14, C 10, EL 9, SLP 7, AP 6, NB 6, DF 5; composition - men 98, women 81, percentage women 45.3%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the monarch upon the recommendation of the Minister of Justice, with the advice of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: Special Court of Indictment and Revision; 2 High Courts; Maritime and Commercial Court; county courts

Political parties and leaders: The Alternative or AP , Conservative People's Party or DKF or C , Danish People's Party or DF or O , Denmark Democrats or E , Green Left or SF or F (formerly Socialist People's Party or SF or F), Liberal Alliance or LA or I , Liberal Party (Venstre) or V , Moderates or M , New Right Party or NB or D , Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL , Social Democrats or SDP or A , Social Liberal Party or SLP or B

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Jesper Møller SØRENSEN (since 15 September 2023)
In the us chancery: 3,200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 234-4,300
In the us fax: [1] (202) 328-1470
In the us email address and website: wasamb@um.dk; [link]
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, New York, Silicon Valley (CA)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Alan LEVENTHAL (since 1 July 2022)
From the us embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2,100 Kobenhavn 0
From the us mailing address: 5,280 Copenhagen Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,280
From the us telephone: [45] 33-41-71-00
From the us fax: [45] 35-43-02-23
From the us email address and website: CopenhagenACS@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign
Note: the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as by the Faroe Islands

National symbols: lion, mute swan; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Der er et yndigt land' (There is a Lovely Country); 'Kong Christian' (King Christian)
Lyrics/music: Adam Gottlob OEHLENSCHLAGER/Hans Ernst KROYER; Johannes EWALD/unknown
Note: Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; 'Der er et yndigt land,' adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while 'Kong Christian,' adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; 'Kong Christian' is also known as 'Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast' (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and 'Kongesangen' (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 11 (8 cultural, 3 natural)
Note: includes three sites in Greenland
Selected world heritage site locales:

Economy overview: high-income, EU member, trade-oriented Nordic economy; growth driven by pharmaceuticals, energy and services; large share of employment in public sector; fixed exchange rate pegged to euro; strong fiscal position; tight labor market addressed by migrant workers and higher average retirement age

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $428.385 billion (2023 est.); $420.44 billion (2022 est.); $409.262 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.89% (2023 est.); 2.73% (2022 est.); 6.84% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $72,000 (2023 est.); $71,200 (2022 est.); $69,900 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 45.8% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 22.6% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.8% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 69% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -59.4% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1% (2023 est.)
Industry: 21.5% (2023 est.)
Services: 66.1% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: milk, wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, rapeseed, rye, oats, chicken (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, shipbuilding and refurbishment, iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products

Industrial production growth rate: 7.92% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 3.18 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 5.14% (2023 est.); 4.43% (2022 est.); 5.04% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 11.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 11.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 12.4% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Budget
Revenues: $145.764 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $130.785 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 30.56% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 35.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.31% (2023 est.); 7.7% (2022 est.); 1.85% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance: $44.195 billion (2023 est.); $53.067 billion (2022 est.); $36.94 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $278.917 billion (2023 est.); $279.939 billion (2022 est.); $237.861 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 15%, US 11%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 6%, Norway 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: packaged medicine, garments, fish, electricity, refined petroleum (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $240.269 billion (2023 est.); $235.68 billion (2022 est.); $210.716 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 20%, Sweden 12%, China 9%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: garments, cars, refined petroleum, electricity, packaged medicine (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $109.371 billion (2023 est.); $96.073 billion (2022 est.); $82.236 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 19.503 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 33.167 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 17.392 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 18.797 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.965 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 11.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 6.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 56.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 26.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Consumption: 1.788 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 826,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.89 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 63,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 152,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 441 million barrels (2021 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 1.879 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 2.208 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 2.041 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 2.582 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 29.534 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 30.308 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 3.973 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 21.706 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 4.628 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 100.26 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 712,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 7.444 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2022 est.)

Military expenditures: 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.); 2% of GDP (2023); 1.4% of GDP (2022); 1.3% of GDP (2021); 1.4% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Danish Armed Forces (Forsvaret): Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Danish Home Guard (Reserves) (2024)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2023)
Note 1: women have been able serve in all military occupations, including combat arms, since 1988; as of 2022, they made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel; in 2024, Denmark announced that it would extend military conscription to women in 2026
Note 2: Denmark has had compulsory military service since 1849; conscripts are chosen by lottery; conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve 6 months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.) or overseas foreign aid work
Note 3: foreigners who have lived in Denmark for at least one year or in another EU country for six years may apply to join the armed forces, provided they are fluent in Danish

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 10 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 76
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 582,011 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OY

Airports: 99 (2024)

Heliports: 25 (2024)

Pipelines: 1,536 km gas, 330 km oil (2015)

Roadways
Total: 73,591 km (2022)

Waterways: 400 km (2010)

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 19,424 (Syria), 5,885 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 37,530 (Ukraine) (as of 3 March 2024)
Stateless persons: 11,644 (2022)