Background: The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, Slovenia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia joined Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia as one of the constituent republics in the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). In 1990, Slovenia held its first multiparty elections, as well as a referendum on independence. Serbia responded with an economic blockade and military action, but after a short 10-day war, Slovenia declared independence in 1991. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen Area in 2007.

Geographic coordinates: 46 07 N, 14 49 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 20,273 km²
Land: 20,151 km²
Water: 122 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Country comparison total: 1,211 km
Country comparison border countries: (4) Austria 299 km; Croatia 600 km; Hungary 94 km; Italy 218 km

Land boundaries
Total: 1,211 km
Border countries: (4) Austria 299 km; Croatia 600 km; Hungary 94 km; Italy 218 km

Coastline: 46.6 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain: a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Elevation
Highest point: Triglav 2,864 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 492 m

Natural resources: lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests

Land use
Agricultural land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 62.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 14.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 39 km² (2020)

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 830 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 31.87 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding; earthquakes

Geography
Note: despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes

Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere
Total: 2,097,893
Male: 1,051,044
Female: 1,046,849 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.1% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.7% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Slovene(s)
Adjective: Slovenian

Ethnic groups: Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)

Languages: Slovene (official) 87.7%, Croatian 2.8%, Serbo-Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.6%, Serbian 1.6%, Hungarian 0.4% (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian nationals reside), Italian 0.2% (official, only in municipalities where Italian nationals reside), other or unspecified 3.9% (2002 est.)
Major-language samples: Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Catholic 69%, Orthodox 4%, Muslim 3%, Christian 1%, other 3%, atheist 14%, non-believer/agnostic 4%, refused to answer 2% (2019 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.3% (male 153,852/female 146,628)
15-64 years: 62.5% (male 683,573/female 627,788)
65 years and over: 23.2% (2024 est.) (male 213,619/female 272,433)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 55.5
Youth dependency ratio: 23.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 31.9
Potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 46.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 45 years
Female: 47.9 years

Population growth rate: -0.1% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Urbanization
Urban population: 56.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 14.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 12.63 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.1 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 1.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 79.4 years
Female: 85.2 years

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: NA
Unimproved total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: NA
Unimproved rural: NA

Hospital bed density: 4.4 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: NA
Improved rural: NA
Improved total: 99% of population
Unimproved urban: NA
Unimproved rural: NA
Unimproved total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.2% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 11.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 4.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 5.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 22% (2020 est.)
Male: 24.4% (2020 est.)
Female: 19.6% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: NA
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.7% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 18 years
Male: 17 years
Female: 18 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
Conventional short form: Slovenia
Local long form: Republika Slovenija
Local short form: Slovenija
Former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Etymology: the country's name means 'Land of the Slavs' in Slovene

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Ljubljana
Geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: likely related to the Slavic root 'ljub', meaning 'to like' or 'to love'; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word 'ljubljena' meaning 'beloved'

Administrative divisions: 200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 12 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina); municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal ob Soci, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Store, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk; urban municipalities: Celje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

Independence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday: Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution
History: previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991
Amendments: proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, for select cases
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Natasa PIRC MUSAR (since 23 December 2022)
Head of government: Prime Minister Robert GOLOB (since 1 June 2022)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 23 October 2022 with a runoff on 13 November 2022 (next to be held in 2,027); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly
Election results: 2022: Natasa PIRC MUSAR elected president in second round: percent of vote in first round - Anze LOGAR (SDS) 34%, Natasa PIRC MUSAR (independent) 26.9%, Milan BRGLEZ (SD) 15.5%, Vladimir PREBILIC (independent) 10.6%, Sabina SENCAR (Resni.ca) 5.9%, Janez CIGLER KRALJ (NSi) 4.4%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Natasa PIRC MUSAR 53.9%, Anze LOGAR 46.1%; Robert GOLOB (GS) elected prime minister on 25 May 2022, National Assembly vote - 54-30; 2017: Borut PAHOR reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of: National Council (State Council) or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms)
Note: the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers, National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: National Council - last held on 24 November 2022 (next to be held in 2,027), National Assembly - last held on 24 April 2022 (next to be held in 2026)
Elections results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 33, women 7, percentage women 17.5%, National Assembly - percent of vote by party - GS 34.5%, SDS 23.5%, NSi 6.9%, SD 6.7%, Levica 4.4%, other 24%; seats by party - GS 41, SDS 27, NSi 8, SD 7, Levica 5; composition - men 56, women 34, percentage women 37.8%; total Parliament percentage women 31.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS , Freedom Movement or GS (formerly Greens Actions Party or Z.DEJ), List of Marjan Sarec or LMS , New Slovenia - Christian Democrats or NSi , Party of Alenka Bratusek or SAB (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB), Resni.ca , Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS (formerly the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDSS), Slovenian National Party or SNS , Social Democrats or SD, The Left or Levica (successor to United Left or ZL)

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Iztok MIROŠIČ (since 15 September 2023)
In the us chancery: 2,410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 386-6,611
In the us fax: [1] (202) 386-6,633
In the us email address and website: sloembassy.washington@gov.si; [link]
In the us consulates general: Cleveland (OH)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Jamie L. HARPOOTLIAN (since 17 February 2022)
From the us embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana
From the us mailing address: 7,140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,140
From the us telephone: [386] (1) 200-5,500
From the us fax: [386] (1) 200-5,555
From the us email address and website: LjubljanaACS@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

National symbols: Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem
Name: 'Zdravljica' (A Toast)
Lyrics/music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL
Note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:

Economy overview: high-income, EU and eurozone member economy; high per-capita income and low inequality; key exports in automotive and pharmaceuticals; tight labor market with low unemployment; growth supported by EU funds and reconstruction from 2023 floods; pressures over public sector wage demands

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $102.036 billion (2023 est.); $100.442 billion (2022 est.); $98.03 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.59% (2023 est.); 2.46% (2022 est.); 8.23% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $48,100 (2023 est.); $47,600 (2022 est.); $46,500 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 53% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 19.5% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -1.7% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 84% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -77.3% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.9% (2023 est.)
Industry: 29.1% (2023 est.)
Services: 57.8% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: milk, maize, wheat, barley, grapes, chicken, potatoes, apples, beef, pork (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Industrial production growth rate: 3.8% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 1.055 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 3.63% (2023 est.); 4.01% (2022 est.); 4.75% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 9.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 12.7% (2022 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Budget
Revenues: $23.529 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $24.369 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 18.14% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Inflation rate consumer prices: 7.45% (2023 est.); 8.83% (2022 est.); 1.92% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Current account balance: $3.057 billion (2023 est.); -$617.374 million (2022 est.); $2.073 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $57.489 billion (2023 est.); $56.51 billion (2022 est.); $51.662 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Switzerland 18%, Germany 14%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: packaged medicine, cars, refined petroleum, electricity, vehicle parts/accessories (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $52.826 billion (2023 est.); $55.158 billion (2022 est.); $47.997 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Switzerland 17%, China 11%, Italy 10%, Germany 10%, Austria 7% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: packaged medicine, nitrogen compounds, refined petroleum, cars, electricity (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $2.37 billion (2023 est.); $2.268 billion (2022 est.); $2.267 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 4.322 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 13.081 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 8.752 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 10.198 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 834.794 million kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 26.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 42.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 4.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 24.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 2.358 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 2.553 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 5,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 486,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 95 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Refined petroleum consumption: 45,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 3.863 million m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 840.902 million m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 11.387 million m³ (2018 est.)
Imports: 840.606 million m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 12.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 2.97 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 7.689 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 1.601 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 114.991 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 676,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 2.675 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2022 est.)

Military expenditures: 1.3% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2023); 1.3% of GDP (2022); 1.2% of GDP (2021); 1% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements; Ministry of Interior: National Police (2024)

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; must be a citizen of the Republic of Slovenia; recruits sign up for 3-, 5-, or 10-year service contracts; conscription abolished in 2003 (2023)
Note: as of 2023, women comprised about 16% of the military's full-time personnel

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,094,762 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 540,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: S5

Airports: 42 (2024)

Heliports: 4 (2024)

Pipelines: 1,155 km gas, 5 km oil (2018)

Roadways
Total: 38,125 km (2022)

Waterways: 710 km (2022) (some transport on the Drava River)

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 11,035 (Ukraine) (as of 1 March 2024)
Stateless persons: 10 (2020)
Note: 634,128 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)

Illicit drugs: minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals