Background: The name 'Latvia' originates from the ancient Latgalians one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans Poles Swedes and finally Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I but it was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994 the status of the Russian minority (some 30% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Geographic coordinates: 57 00 N 25 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 64,589 km²
Rank: 123
Land: 62,249 km²
Water: 2,340 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries
Total: 1382 km
Border countries: (4) Belarus 171 km; Estonia 343 km; Lithuania 576 km; Russia 292 km

Coastline: 498 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: maritime; wet moderate winters

Terrain: low plain

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
Extremes highest point: Gaizina Kalns 312 m

Natural resources: peat limestone dolomite amber hydropower timber arable land

Land use
Arable land: 28.19%
Permanent crops: 0.45%
Other: 71.36% (2005)

Irrigated land: 200 km²
Note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 km² or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2003)

Total renewable water resources: 49.9 km³ (2005)

Natural hazards: NA

Geography
Note: most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east

Population: 2,217,969 (July 2010 est.)
Rank: 141
Growth rate: -0.602% (2010 est.)
Growth rate rank: 225
Below poverty line: NA%

Nationality
Noun: Latvian
Adjective: Latvian

Ethnic groups: Latvian 59.3% Russian 27.8% Belarusian 3.6% Ukrainian 2.5% Polish 2.4% Lithuanian 1.3% other 3.1% (2009)

Languages: Latvian (official) 58.2% Russian 37.5% Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)

Religions: Lutheran 19.6% Orthodox 15.3% other Christian 1% other 0.4% unspecified 63.7% (2006)

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.3%
15-64 years: 69.6% (male 756,469/female 797,505)
65 years and over: 17% (male 124,432/female 255,464) (2010 est.)

Median age
Total: 40.4 years
Male: 37.4 years
Female: 43.5 years (2010 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.602% (2010 est.)
Rank: 225

Birth rate: 9.9 births/1000 population (2010 est.)
Rank: 197

Death rate: 13.6 deaths/1000 population (July 2010 est.)
Rank: 21

Net migration rate: -2.32 migrant(s)/1000 population (2010 est.)
Rank: 177

Urbanization
Urban population: 68% of total population
Rate of urbanization: -0.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Environment
Current issues: Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; the main environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality and sewage system household and hazardous waste management as well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001 Latvia closed the EU accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.054 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 8.59 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 161
Male: 10.41 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 6.67 deaths/1000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.42 years
Rank: 121
Male: 67.27 years
Female: 77.84 years (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.31 children born/woman (2010 est.)
Rank: 208

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.8% (2007 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 59
People living with hivaids: 10,000 (2007 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 100
Deaths: fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
Deaths rank: 96

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

Education expenditures: 5% of GDP (2007)
Rank: 67

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.7% (2000 census)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 17 years (2008)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Latvia
Conventional short form: Latvia
Local long form: Latvijas Republika
Local short form: Latvija
Former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type: parliamentary democracy

Capital
Name: Riga
Geographic coordinates: 56 57 N 24 06 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions: 109 municipalities (novadi singular-novads) and 9 cities*: Adazu Novads Aglonas Novads Aizkraukles Novads Aizputes Novads Aknistes Novads Alojas Novads Alsungas Novads Aluksnes Novads Amatas Novads Apes Novads Auces Novads Babites Novads Baldones Novads Baltinavas Novads Balvu Novads Bauskas Novads Beverinas Novads Brocenu Novads Burtnieku Novads Carnikavas Novads Cesu Novads Cesvaines Novads Ciblas Novads Dagdas Novads Daugavpils* Daugavpils Novads Dobeles Novads Dundagas Novads Durbes Novads Engures Novads Erglu Novads Garkalnes Novads Grobinas Novads Gulbenes Novads Iecavas Novads Ikskiles Novads Ilukstes Novads Incukalna Novads Jaunjelgavas Novads Juanpiebalgas Novads Jaunpils Novads Jekabpils* Jekabpils Novads Jelgava* Jelgavas Novads Jurmala* Kandavas Novads Karsavas Novads Keguma Novads Kekavas Novads Kocenu Novads Kokneses Novads Kraslavas Novads Krimuldas Novads Krustpils Novads Kuldigas Novads Lielvardes Novads Liepaja* Ligatnes Novads Limbazu Novads Livanu Novads Lubanas Novads Ludzas Novads Madonas Novads Malpils Novads Marupes Novads Mazsalacas Novads Nauksenu Novads Neretas Novads Nicas Novads Ogres Novads Olaines Novads Ozolnieku Novads Pargaujas Novads Pavilostas Novads Plavinu Novads Preilu Novads Priekules Novads Priekulu Novads Raunas Novads Rezekne* Rezeknes Novads Riebinu Novads Riga* Rojas Novads Ropazu Novads Rucavas Novads Rugaju Novads Rujienas Novads Rundales Novads Salacgrivas Novads Salas Novads Salaspils Novads Saldus Novads Saulkrastu Novads Sejas Novads Siguldas Novads Skriveru Novads Skrundas Novads Smiltenes Novads Stopinu Novads Strencu Novads Talsu Novads Tervetes Novads Tukuma Novads Vainodes Novads Valkas Novads Valmiera* Varaklanu Novads Varkavas Novads Vecpiebalgas Novads Vecumnieku Novads Ventspils* Ventspils Novads Viesites Novads Vilakas Novads Vilanu Novads Zilupes Novads

Independence: 18 November 1918 (from the Soviet Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 was the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4 May 1990 is when it declared the renewal of independence; 21 August 1991 was the date of de facto independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution: 15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since

Legal system: based on civil law system with traces of Socialist legal traditions and practices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Valdis ZATLERS
Head of government: Prime Minister Valdis DOMBROVSKIS (since 12 March 2009)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and appointed by Parliament
Elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 May 2007 (next to be held in 2011); prime minister appointed by the president confirmed by Parliament
Election results: Valdis ZATLERS elected president; parliamentary vote - Valdis ZATLERS 58 Aivars ENDZINS 39

Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members elected by proportional representation from party lists by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
Elections: last held on 2 October 2010 (next to be held in October 2014)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Unity bloc 31.2% SC 26% ZZS 19.7% National Alliance 7.7% For a Good Latvia bloc 7.7%; seats by party - Unity Coalition 33 SC 29 ZZS 22 National Alliance 8 For a Good Latvia 8

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by parliament); Constitutional Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by parliament)

Political parties and leaders: All For Latvia! [Irnants PARADNIEKS Raivis DZINTARS]; Civic Union [Sandra KALNIETE Girts Valdis KRISTOVSKIS]; First Party of Latvia/Latvia's Way or LPP/LC [Ainars SLESERS]; For a Good Latvia (alliance of TP LPP/LC); For Human Rights in a United Latvia or PCTVL [Jakovs PLINERS Tatjana ZDANOKA]; For the Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National Independence Movement or TB/LNNK [Roberts ZILE Maris GRINBLATS]; Harmony Center or SC [Nils USAKOVS Janis URBANOVICS]; National Alliance (alliance of TB/LNNK All For Latvia!); New Era Party or JL [Solvita ABOLTINA Dzintars ZAKIS]; People's Party or TP [Andris SKELE]; Society for Different Politics or SCP [Aigars STOKENBERGS; Artis PABRIKS]; The Union of Latvian Greens and Farmers Party or ZZS [Augusts BRIGMANIS]; Unity bloc (alliance of Civic Union New Era SCP)

International organization participation: Australia Group BA BIS CBSS CE EAPC EBRD EIB EU FAO IAEA IBRD ICAO ICCt ICRM IDA IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO (correspondent) ITU ITUC MIGA NATO NIB NSG OAS (observer) OIF (observer) OPCW OSCE PCA Schengen Convention UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNWTO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Andrejs PILDEGOVICS
In the us chancery: 2,306 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 328-2,840
In the us fax: [1] (202) 328-2,860
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Judith G. GARBER
From the us embassy: 7 Raina Boulevard Riga LV-1510
From the us mailing address: American Embassy Riga PSC 78 Box Riga APO AE 9,723
From the us telephone: [371] 670-36,200
From the us fax: [371] 678-20,047

Flag description: three horizontal bands of maroon (top) white (half-width) and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280

National anthem
Name: 'Dievs sveti Latviju!'
Lyricsmusic: Karlis BAUMANIS
Note: adopted 1920 restored 1990; the song was first performed in 1873 while Latvia was a part of Russia; the anthem was banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990

Economy overview: Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07 but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. GDP plunged 18% in 2009 - the three former Soviet Baltic republics had the world's worst declines that year - and another 1.8% in 2010. The IMF EU and other donors provided assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro and reduce the fiscal deficit to about 5% of GDP over time. DOMBROVSKIS' government enacted major speding cuts to reduce the fiscal deficit to 7.8% of GDP in 2010 and plans to cut the deficit further in 2011. The majority of companies banks and real estate have been privatized although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999. EU membership a top foreign policy goal came in May 2004.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 105
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 203

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 79
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.2%
Industry: 20.6%
Services: 75.2% (2010 est.)

Agriculture products: grain sugar beets potatoes vegetables; beef pork milk eggs; fish

Industries: pharmaceuticals plastics synthetic fibers agricultural machinery fertilizers soaps paints rubber processed foods textiles

Industrial production growth rate: -1.8% (2010 est.)
Rank: 160

Labor force: 1.178 million (2010 est.)
Rank: 139
By occupation agriculture: 12.1%
By occupation industry: 25.8%
By occupation services: 61.8% (2005 est.)

Unemployment rate: 17.1% (2009 est.)
Rank: 163

Population below poverty line: NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.7%
Highest 10: 27.4% (2004)

Distribution of family income gini index: 32 (1999)
Rank: 84

Public debt: 36.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
Rank: 58

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.5% (2009 est.)
Rank: 5

Central bank discount rate: 6% (31 December 2008)
Rank: 75

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 11.85% (31 December 2008 est.)
Rank: 76

Stock of narrow money: $5.893 billion (31 December 2009 est)
Rank: 84

Stock of broad money: $11.46 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 97

Stock of domestic credit: $27.76 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 70

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 98

Current account balance: $2.53 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 42

Exports: $7.223 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 93
Commodities: wood and wood products machinery and equipment metals textiles foodstuffs
Partners: Lithuania 15.19% Estonia 13.57% Russia 13.17% Germany 8.13% Sweden 5.7% (2009)

Imports: $8.906 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 93
Commodities: machinery and equipment chemicals fuels vehicles
Partners: Lithuania 16.36% Germany 11.34% Russia 10.68% Poland 8.11% Estonia 7.69% (2009)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $6.907 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 60

Debt external: $41.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 59

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $11.61 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 79

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $1.037 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 71

Exchange rates: lati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.5422 (2010) 0.5056 (2009) 0.4701 (2008) 0.5162 (2007) 0.5597 (2006)

Electricity
Production: 4.62 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Production rank: 114
Consumption: 6.822 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Consumption rank: 101
Exports: 2.123 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Imports: 4.643 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Production rank: 167
Consumption: 2.05 billion m³ (2008 est.)
Consumption rank: 80
Exports: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Exports rank: 164
Imports: 2.05 billion m³ (2008 est.)
Imports rank: 46

Telephones
Main lines in use: 644,000 (2009)
Main lines in use rank: 91
Mobile cellular: 2.243 million (2009)
Mobile cellular rank: 128

Telephone system
General assessment: recent efforts focused on bringing competition to the telecommunications sector; the number of fixed lines is decreasing as mobile-cellular telephone service expands
Domestic: number of telecommunications operators has grown rapidly since the fixed-line market opened to competition in 2003; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 125 per 100 persons
International: country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber optic cable to Estonia Finland and Sweden (2008)

Broadcast media: several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned 2 national TV stations are publicly-owned; system supplemented by privately-owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts are available; publicly-owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations (2007)

Internet
Country code: .lv
Hosts: 289,478 (2010)
Hosts rank: 59
Users: 1.504 million (2009)
Users rank: 81

Military expenditures: 1.2% of GDP (2005 est.)
Rank: 121

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; conscription abolished January 2007; under current law every citizen is entitled to serve in the armed forces for life (2009)

Airports: 42 (2010)
Rank: 101
With paved runways total: 19
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 5
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3
With paved runways under 914 m: 7 (2010)
With unpaved runways total: 23
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 23 (2010)

Pipelines: gas 948 km; refined products 415 km (2009)

Railways
Total: 2,298 km
Rank: 68
Broad gauge: 2,265 km 1.520-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 33 km 0.750-m gauge (2008)

Roadways
Total: 73,074 km
Rank: 65
Paved: 14,459 km
Unpaved: 58,615 km (2010)

Waterways: 300 km (navigable year round) (2010)
Rank: 93

Merchant marine
Total: 13
Rank: 107
By type: cargo 3 chemical tanker 1 passenger/cargo 5 petroleum tanker 3 roll on/roll off 1
Foreign owned: 4 (Estonia 4)
Registered in other countries: 90 (Antigua and Barbuda 16 Belize 10 Cambodia 1 Comoros 1 Cook Islands 1 Dominica 1 Georgia 1 Liberia 9 Malta 11 Marshall Islands 18 Panama 4 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15) (2010)

Ports and terminals: Riga Ventspils

Disputes international: Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; as of January 2007 ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documentation in preparation; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia

Illicit drugs: transshipment and destination point for cocaine synthetic drugs opiates and cannabis from Southwest Asia Western Europe Latin America and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved legislation vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime (including counterfeiting corruption extortion stolen cars and prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds