Background: Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of 'The Friendly Islands' were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific; in 2008, King George TUPOU V announced he was relinquishing most of his powers leading up to parliamentary elections in 2010. TUPOU died in 2012 and was succeeded by his brother 'Aho'eitu TUPOU VI. Tropical Cyclone Gita, the strongest-ever recorded storm to impact Tonga, hit the islands in February 2018 causing extensive damage.

Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 175 00 W

Map reference: Oceania

Area
Total: 747 km²
Land: 717 km²
Water: 30 km²
Rank: 190
Comparative: four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 419 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Terrain: mostly flat islands with limestone bedrock formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic rock

Elevation: 0 m
Note: lowest point: Pacific Ocean

Natural resources: arable land, fish

Land use
Agricultural land: 43.1% (2011 est.)
Forest: 12.5% (2011 est.)
Other: 44.4% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ouvolcanism: moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua

Geography
Note: the western islands (making up the Tongan Volcanic Arch) are all of volcanic origin; the eastern islands are nonvolcanic and are composed of coral limestone and sand

Population
Distribution: over two-thirds of the population lives on the island of Tongatapu; only 45 of the nation's 171 islands are occupied: 106,398 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 193
Growth rate: -0.1% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 204
Below poverty line: 22.5% (2010 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Tongan(s)
Adjective: Tongan

Ethnic groups: Tongan 97%, part-Tongan 0.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified (2016 est.)

Languages:

Religions: Protestant 64.1% (includes Free Wesleyan Church 35%, Free Church of Tonga 11.9%, Church of Tonga 6.8%, Assembly of God 2.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.2%, Tokaikolo Christian Church 1.6%, other 4.3%), Mormon 18.6%, Roman Catholic 14.2%, other 2.4%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.1% (2016 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 33.26% (male 17,979 /female 17,404)
15-24 years: 19.69% (male 10,725 /female 10,223)
25-54 years: 34.69% (male 18,436 /female 18,469)
55-64 years: 5.81% (male 3,098 /female 3,089)
65 years and over: 6.56% (male 3,140 /female 3,835) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 74.2 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 63.9 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 10.2 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 9.8 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 23.3 years
Male: 22.9 years
Female: 23.8 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 174

Population growth rate: -0.1% (2018 est.)
Rank: 204

Birth rate: 21.8 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 69

Death rate: 4.9 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 199

Net migration rate: -17.8 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 218

Population distribution: over two-thirds of the population lives on the island of Tongatapu; only 45 of the nation's 171 islands are occupied

Urbanization
Urban population: 23.1% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.71% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 23,000 NUKU'ALOFA (2018)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation from land being cleared for agriculture and settlement; soil exhaustion; water pollution due to salinization, sewage, and toxic chemicals from farming activities; coral reefs and marine populations threatened
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth:

Infant mortality rate
Total: 10.9 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 11.3 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 10.5 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 127

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.6 years (2018 est.)
Male: 75 years (2018 est.)
Female: 78.3 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 85

Total fertility rate: 3.03 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 51

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 34.1% (2012)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0.3% of population
Rural: 0.4% of population
Total: 0.4% of population (2015 est.)

Physicians density: 0.56 physicians/1000 population (2010)

Hospital bed density: 2.6 beds/1000 population (2010)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 2.4% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 11% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 9% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Major infectious diseases: note: active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 48.2% (2016)
Rank: 7

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.9% (2012)
Rank: 112

Literacy
Definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English (2015 est.)
Total population: 99.4% (2015 est.)
Male: 99.3% (2015 est.)
Female: 99.4% (2015 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
Conventional short form: Tonga
Local long form: Puleanga Fakatui o Tonga
Local short form: Tonga
Former: Friendly Islands
Etymology: tonga means south in the Tongan language and refers to the countrys geographic position in relation to central Polynesia

Government type: constitutional monarchy

Capital
Name: Nukualofa
Geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W
Time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in November; ends second Sunday in January

Administrative divisions: 5 island divisions; 'Eua, Ha'apai, Ongo Niua, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

National holiday: Official Birthday of King TUPOU VI, 4 July (1959); note - actual birthday of the monarch is 12 July 1959; 4 July (2015) is the day the king was crownedConstitution Day (National Day), 4 November (1875)

Constitution
History: adopted 4 November 1875 (2018)
Amendments: proposed by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires approval by the Assembly in each of three readings, the unanimous approval of the Privy Council (a high-level advisory body to the monarch), the Cabinet, and assent to by the monarch; revised 1988; amended many times, last in 2016 (2018)

Legal system: English common law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Tonga; if a child is born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen of Tonga
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: King TUPOU VI (since 18 March 2012); Heir Apparent Crown Prince Siaosi Manumataogo Alaivahamamao Ahoeitu Konstantin Tukuaho, son of the king (born 17 September 1985); note - on 18 March 2012, King George TUPOU V died and his brother, Crown Prince TUPOUTOA Lavaka, assumed the throne as TUPOU VI
Head of government: Interim Prime Minister Akilisi POHIVA (since 30 December 2014); note - King TUPOU VI dissolved the parliament on 26 August 2017
Cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch
Electionsappointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Legislative Assembly and appointed by the monarch; election last held on 18 December 2017 (next to be held in November 2021); note - King TUPOU VIs dissolution of parliament in August 2017 triggered an early election
Election results: Akilisi POHIVA (Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands) reelected prime minister by parliament receiving 14 of 26 votes: note: a Privy Council advises the monarch

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (up to 30 seats - currently 28; 17 peoples representatives directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 9 indirectly elected by hereditary leaders, and 2 non-elected; members serve 3-year terms)
Elections: last held on 16 November 2017 (next to be held in 2020)
Election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 14, nobles representatives 9, other 2, independent 3; composition - men 27, women 1, percent of women 3.6%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and a number of judges determined by the monarch); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are brought before the King in Privy Council, the monarchs advisory organ that has both judicial and legislative powers
Judge selection and term of office: judge appointments and tenures made by the King in Privy Council and subject to consent of the Legislative Assembly
Subordinate courts: Supreme Court; Magistrates Courts; Land Courts

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands [Samuela 'Akilisi POHIVA]People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tesina FUKO]Sustainable Nation-Building Party [Sione FONUA]Tonga Democratic Labor PartyTonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM

International organization participation: ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Maheuliuli Sandhurst TUPOUNIUA (since 17 September 2013)
In the us chancery: 250 E. 51st Street, New York, NY, 10,022
In the us telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025
In the us FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024
In the us consulate: San Francisco
From the us: the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the US Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga

Flag description: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga, red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice, and white signifies purity

National symbols: red cross on white field, arms equal length; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: Ko e fasi `o e tui `o e `Otu Tonga (Song of the King of the Tonga Islands)
Lyricsmusic: Uelingatoni Ngu TUPOUMALOHI/Karl Gustavus SCHMITT: note: in use since 1875; more commonly known as 'Fasi Fakafonua' (National Song)

Economy overview: Tonga has a small, open island economy and is the last constitutional monarchy among the Pacific Island countries. It has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, vanilla beans, and yams are the main crops. Agricultural exports, including fish, make up two-thirds of total exports. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. Tonga had 53,800 visitors in 2015. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand.The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from overseas Tongans to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, encouraging investment, and is committing increased funds for health care and education. Tonga's English-speaking and educated workforce offers a viable labor market, and the tropical climate provides fertile soil. Renewable energy and deep-sea mining also offer opportunities for investment.Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well developed social services. But the government faces high unemployment among the young, moderate inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 211

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 134

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 167

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 99.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 21.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 22.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -68.5% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 19.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 20.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 59.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, sweet potatoes, cassava, taro, and kava

Industries: tourism, construction, fishing

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (2017 est.)
Rank: 59

Labor force: 33,800 (2011 est.)
Rank: 201
By occupation agriculture: 2006% (2006 est.)
By occupation industry: 27.5% (2006 est.)
By occupation services: 2006% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 12

Population below poverty line: 22.5% (2010 est.)

Budget
Revenues: 181.2 million (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 181.2 million (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: 0% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 47

Taxes and other revenues: 39.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 42

Public debt:
Rank: 109

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 195

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 110

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 187

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 192

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 187

Market value of publicly traded shares: NA

Current account balance:
Rank: 80

Exports:
Rank: 213
Partners: Hong Kong 25.1%, NZ 22.6%, US 14.3%, Japan 12.8%, Australia 10.5% (2017)
Commodities: squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops, kava

Imports:
Rank: 207
Commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Partners: NZ 33.3%, Fiji 11.7%, US 9.8%, Singapore 9%, Australia 8.9%, China 7.9%, Japan 5.9% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 176

Debt external:
Rank: 190

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 137

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 5,325 (2012)
Access electrification total population: 96% (2012)
Access electrification urban areas: 100% (2012)
Access electrification rural areas: 83% (2012)
Production: 52 million kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 205
Consumption: 48.36 million kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 205
Exports: 0 kWh (2016)
Exports rank: 209
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 210
Installed generating capacity: 20,300 kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 204
Generation sources fossil fuels: 74% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 98
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 196
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 205
Generation sources other renewable sources: 26% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 28

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 71,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 48
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 207
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 205
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 206

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 209
Products consumption: 900 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 207
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 210
Products imports: 910 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 203

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 207
Consumption: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 207
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 201
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 201
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 201

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 139,700 Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 205

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 11,000 (July 2016 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (July 2016 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 192
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 80,000 (July 2016 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 75 (July 2016 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 194

Telephone system
General assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Digicel Tonga Limited is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; both parties provide high speed Internet, mobile telephone networks, and international telecom services; Digicel also holds a telecommunication license after its acquisition of TonFon (a subsidiary of former Shoreline Communications Tonga); submarine cable infrastructure, managed by Tonga Cable Limited, has also been brought to the country by Asian Development Bank and World Bank aid (2016)
Domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 85 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network (2016)
International: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2016)

Broadcast media: 1 state-owned TV station and 3 privately owned TV stations; satellite and cable TV services are available; 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned radio stations; Radio Australia broadcasts available via satellite (2015)

Internet
Country code: .to
Users total: 42,552 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 40% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 198

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 3,000 (2017 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2017 est.)
Rank: 183

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); no conscription; the king retains the right to call up 'all those capable of bearing arms' in wartime (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 75,416 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: A3 (2016)

Airports: 6 (2013)
Rank: 177
With paved runways total: 1 (2013)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways total: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Roadways
Total: 680 km (2011)
Paved: 184 km (2011)
Unpaved: 496 km (2011)
Rank: 191

Merchant marine
Total: 34 (2017)
By type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 14, oil tanker 1, other 17 (2017)
Rank: 124

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai

Disputes international: none