Map of Chad | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Chad part of France's African holdings until 1960 endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad drafted a democratic constitution and held multiparty presidential elections in 1996 and 1997. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad which sporadically flares up despite two peace agreements signed in 2002 and 2003 between the government and the rebels. Despite movement toward democratic reform power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority.


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Location: Central Africa south of Libya

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N 19 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1.284 million km²
Land: 1,259,200 km²
Water: 24,800 km²
Comparative: slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries
Total: 5,968 km
Border countries: (6) Cameroon 1,094 km; , Central African Republic 1,197 km; , Libya 1,055 km; , Niger 1,175 km; , Nigeria 87 km; , Sudan 1,360 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: tropical in south desert in north

Terrain: broad arid plains in center desert in north mountains in northwest lowlands in south

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m
Extremes highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Natural resources: petroleum uranium natron kaolin fish (Lake Chad) gold limestone sand and gravel salt

Land use
Arable land: 2.86%
Permanent crops: 0.02%
Other: 97.12% (2001)

Irrigated land: 200 km² (1998 est.)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: hot dry dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Geography
Note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel


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Population: 9,826,419 (July 2005 est.)
Growth rate: 2.95% (2005 est.)
Below poverty line: 80% (2001 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Chadian
Adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups: 200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs Gorane (Toubou Daza Kreda) Zaghawa Kanembou Ouaddai Baguirmi Hadjerai Fulbe Kotoko Hausa Boulala and Maba most of whom are Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye Mbaye Goulaye) Moundang Moussei Massa most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1000 French citizens live in Chad

Languages: French (official) Arabic (official) Sara (in south) more than 120 different languages and dialects

Religions: Muslim 51% Christian 35% animist 7% other 7%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 47.9% (male 2,365,277/female 2,337,388)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,323,110/female 2,528,086)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 109,535/female 163,023) (2005 est.)

Dependency ratios

Median age
Total: 16.02 years
Male: 15.32 years
Female: 16.71 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.95% (2005 est.)

Birth rate: 45.98 births/1000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate: 16.41 deaths/1000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.11 migrant(s)/1000 population (2005 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male/female
Total population: 0.95 male/female (2005 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 93.82 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 103.03 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 84.24 deaths/1000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 47.18 years
Male: 45.55 years
Female: 48.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 4.8% (2003 est.)
People living with hivaids: 200,000 (2003 est.)
Deaths: 18,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne disease: malaria
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
Total population: 47.5%
Male: 56%
Female: 39.3% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Chad
Conventional short form: Chad
Local long form: Republique du Tchad
Local short form: Tchad

Government type: republic

Capital: N'Djamena

Administrative divisions
Note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department), and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam, N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile Occidental, Tibesti

Dependent areas

Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day 11 August (1960)

Constitution: passed by referendum 31 March 1996

Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
Head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3 February 2005)
Cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%

Legislative branch
Elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held in April 2006)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11

Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders: Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]

International organization participation: ACCT ACP AfDB AU BDEAC CEMAC FAO FZ G-77 IBRD ICAO ICCt (signatory) ICFTU ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF Interpol IOC ITU MIGA NAM OIC ONUB OPCW UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNOCI UPU WCL WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Adam BECHIR
In the us chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 462-4,009
In the us fax: [1] (202) 265-1937
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Marc WALL
From the us embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
From the us mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
From the us telephone: [235] (51) 70-09
From the us fax: [235] (51) 56-54

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side) yellow and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Cotton cattle and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's export earnings; Chad began to export oil in 2004. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position high energy costs and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at 1 billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production came on stream in late 2003.

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $15.66 billion (2004 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: 38% (2004 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $1600 (2004 est.)

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 22.6%
Industry: 35.6%
Services: 41.7% (2004 est.)

Agriculture products: cotton sorghum millet peanuts rice potatoes manioc (tapioca); cattle sheep goats camels

Industries: oil cotton textiles meatpacking beer brewing natron (sodium carbonate) soap cigarettes construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1995)

Labor force: NA
By occupation: agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming herding and fishing)