Statistical information Mongolia 1992
Mongolia in the World
Mongolia - Introduction 1992
top of pageBackground: Long a province of China Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924.
Mongolia - Geography 1992
top of pageLocation
Geographic coordinates
Map reference
Area
Total: 1,565,000 km²
Land: 1,565,000 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries: 8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: none - landlocked
Maritime claims: none - landlocked
Disputes: none
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
Elevation
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use
Land use: arable land: 1%; permanent crops: 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Irrigated land
Major rivers
Major watersheds area km²
Total water withdrawal
Total renewable water resources
Natural hazards
Geography
Mongolia - People 1992
top of pagePopulation: 2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)
Nationality: noun - Mongolian(s; adjective - Mongolian
Ethnic groups: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%; previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Demographic profile
Age structure
Age structure
Dependency ratios
Median age
Population growth rate
Birth rate: 34 births/1000 population (1992)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1000 population (1992)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1000 population (1992)
Population distribution
Urbanization
Major urban areas
Environment
Current issues: harsh and rugged
Current issues note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
Air pollutants
Sex ratio
Mothers mean age at first birth
Maternal mortality ratio
Infant mortality rate: 47 deaths/1000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 68 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman (1992)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Drinking water source
Current health expenditure
Physicians density
Hospital bed density
Sanitation facility access
Hiv/Aids
Major infectious diseases
Obesity adult prevalence rate
Alcohol consumption
Tobacco use
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
Education expenditures
Literacy: 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)
School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Youth unemployment
Mongolia - Government 1992
top of pageCountry name
Conventional long form: Mongolia
Government type: in transition from Communist state to republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor,
Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,
Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge,
Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,
Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge,
Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Dependent areas
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
National holiday: Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July
Constitution: 12 February 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
International law organization participation
Citizenship
Suffrage: universal at age 18
People's Small Hural:
last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%, MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note - People's Small Hural will not exist after
State Great Hural is assembled
State Great Hural is assembled
President: last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural
State Great Hural: first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution, the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA
Communists: MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
Executive branch: premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president
Legislative branch: State Great Hural
Judicial branch: High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Political parties and leaders
International organization participation:
AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO,
IMF, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
IMF, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962
US:
Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING;
Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO
AP 6,521-0002; telephone (800) 29,095 and 29,639
Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO
AP 6,521-0002; telephone (800) 29,095 and 29,639
Diplomatic representation
Flag description: a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted
National symbols
National anthem
National heritage
Mongolia - Economy 1992
top of pageEconomy overview:
Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development.
Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92
Mongolian leadership is struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform.
Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92
Mongolian leadership is struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform.
GDP: exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate - 13% (1991 est.)
Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real gdp growth rate
Real gdp per capita
Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Gdp composition by end use
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture products: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses; crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Industrial production growth rate: growth rate - 12% (1991 est.)
Labor force: NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor:
425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian
Trade Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now being formed
Trade Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now being formed
Labor force
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Youth unemployment
Population below poverty line
Gini index
Household income or consumption by percentage share
Distribution of family income gini index
Budget: deficit of $67 million (1991)
Taxes and other revenues
Public debt
Revenue
Fiscal year: calendar year
Inflation rate consumer prices
Central bank discount rate
Commercial bank prime lending rate
Stock of narrow money
Stock of broad money
Stock of domestic credit
Market value of publicly traded shares
Current account balance
Exports: $279 million (f.o.b., 1991)
Commodoties: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Partners: USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%
Imports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1991)
Commodoties: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Debt external
Stock of direct foreign investment at home
Stock of direct foreign investment abroad
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
Mongolia - Energy 1992
top of pageElectricity
Production: 1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita (1990)
Coal
Petroleum
Crude oil
Refined petroleum
Natural gas
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy consumption per capita
Mongolia - Communication 1992
top of pageTelephones
Telephone system
Broadcast media
Internet
Broadband fixed subscriptions
Mongolia - Military 1992
top of pageMilitary expenditures
Percent of gdp: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget)
Military and security forces
Military service age and obligation
Space program
Terrorist groups
Mongolia - Transportation 1992
top of pageNational air transport system
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
Airports:
81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5
with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Heliports
Pipelines
Railways
Roadways
Waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Merchant marine
Ports and terminals
Mongolia - Transnational issues 1992
top of pageDisputes international
Refugees and internally displaced persons
Illicit drugs
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