Map of Uzbekistan | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1925. During the Soviet era intensive production of 'white gold' (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991 the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militant groups from Tajikistan and Afghanistan a non-convertible currency and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.


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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area
Total: 447,400 km²
Land: 425,400 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: 6,221 km total; Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Coastline: 0 km

Maritime claims: none - landlocked
Disputes: none

Climate: mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east

Terrain:

Elevation

Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography


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Population: 21,626,784 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)

Nationality: noun - Uzbek(s; adjective - Uzbek

Ethnic groups: Uzbek 71%, Russian 8%, Tajik 5%, other 16%; note - includes 70% of Crimean Tatars since their World War II deportation

Languages: Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10%

Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunnis) 75-80%, other (includes Farsi) 20-25%

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 34 births/1000 population (1992)

Death rate: 7 deaths/1000 population (1992)

Net migration rate: -2 migrants/1000 population (1992; note - 179,000 persons left Uzbekistan in 1990

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts
Current issues note: landlocked

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 70 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born/woman (1992)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: NA%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan

Government type: republic

Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent)

Administrative divisions:

Dependent areas

Independence:

National holiday: NA

Constitution: NA

Legal system: NA

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: universal at age 18
President: last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%
Supreme Soviet: last held NA March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40
Communists: NA

Executive branch: president

Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch: NA

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, UN UNCTAD
Diplomatic representation: NA
US:

Diplomatic representation

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands - blue (top), white, and green with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, and electrical cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources including gold (about 30% of Soviet production), uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek government has encouraged land reform but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform.
GDP: purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.9% (1991)

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and livestock

Industries: chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles

Industrial production growth rate: growth rate 1.8% (1991)

Labor force: 7,941,000; agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% (1990)
Organized labor: NA

Unemployment rate: NA

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $1.5 billion (1990)
Commodoties: cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil
Partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe

Imports: $3.5 billion (1990)
Commodoties: machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods
Partners: principally other former Soviet republics

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: NA


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Electricity
Production: 11,400,000 kW capacity; 54,100 million kWh produced, 2,662 kWh per capita (1991)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Percent of gdp: $NA, NA% of GDP

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: NA

Heliports

Pipelines: NA

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: NA km

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western Europe