Statistical information Peru 2001
Peru in the World
Peru - Introduction 2001
top of pageBackground: After a dozen years of military rule Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980. In recent years bold reform programs and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity and drug trafficking have resulted in solid economic growth.
Peru - Geography 2001
top of pageLocation: Western South America bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and Ecuador
Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S 76 00 W
Map reference: South America
Area
Total: 1,285,220 km²
Land: 1.28 million km²
Water: 5,220 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries
Total: 5,536 km
Border countries: (4) Bolivia 900 km; , Brazil 1,560 km; , Chile 160 km; , Colombia 1,496 km; (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline: 2,414 km
Maritime claims
Continental shelf: 200 NM
Territorial sea: 200 NM
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa) high and rugged Andes in center (sierra) eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Natural resources: copper silver gold petroleum timber fish iron ore coal phosphate potash hydropower
Land use
Land use
Arable land: 3%
Permanent crops: 0%
Permanent pastures: 21%
Forests and woodland: 66%
Other: 10% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 12,800 km² (1993 est.)
Major rivers
Major watersheds area km²
Total water withdrawal
Total renewable water resources
Natural hazards: earthquakes tsunamis flooding landslides mild volcanic activity
Geography
Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca world's highest navigable lake with Bolivia
Peru - People 2001
top of pagePopulation: 27,483,864 (July 2001 est.)
Growth rate: 1.7% (2001 est.)
Below poverty line: 49% (1994 est.)
Nationality
Noun: Peruvian
Adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups: Amerindian 45% mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37% white 15% black Japanese Chinese and other 3%
Languages: Spanish (official) Quechua (official) Aymara
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%
Demographic profile
Age structure
Age structure
0-14 years: 34.41% (male 4,803,464; female 4,654,890)
15-64 years: 60.8% (male 8,408,210; female 8,302,943)
65 years and over: 4.79% (male 603,309; female 711,048) (2001 est.)
Dependency ratios
Median age
Population growth rate: 1.7% (2001 est.)
Birth rate: 23.9 births/1000 population (2001 est.)
Death rate: 5.78 deaths/1000 population (2001 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1000 population (2001 est.)
Population distribution
Urbanization
Major urban areas
Environment
Current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Air pollutants
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.03 male/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male/female
Total population: 1.01 male/female (2001 est.)
Mothers mean age at first birth
Maternal mortality ratio
Infant mortality rate: 39.39 deaths/1000 live births (2001 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.3 years
Male: 67.9 years
Female: 72.81 years (2001 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.96 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Drinking water source
Current health expenditure
Physicians density
Hospital bed density
Sanitation facility access
Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.35% (1999 est.)
People living with hivaids: 48,000 (1999 est.)
Deaths: 4,100 (1999 est.)
Major infectious diseases
Obesity adult prevalence rate
Alcohol consumption
Tobacco use
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
Education expenditures
Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 88.7%
Male: 94.5%
Female: 83% (1995 est.)
School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Youth unemployment
Peru - Government 2001
top of pageCountry name
Conventional long form: Republic of Peru
Conventional short form: Peru
Local long form: Republica del Peru
Local short form: Peru
Government type: constitutional republic
Capital: Lima
Administrative divisions
Note: the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments
Dependent areas
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day 28 July (1821)
Constitution: 31 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
International law organization participation
Citizenship
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
Chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)
Head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)
Note: Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election 3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006
Election results: President TOLEDO elected in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
Legislative branch
Elections: last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held 8 April 2001)
Note: many congressmen defected to and then from former President FUJIMORI's coalition in 2000
Election results: percent of vote by party - Peru 2000 42.16%, Peru Possible 23.34%, FIM 7.56%, Somos Peru 7.2%, APRA 5.5%, others 14.24%; seats by party - Peru 2000 52, Peru Possible 29, FIM 9, others 30
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA]; Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA]; Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000 [leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap [leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country [Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon VASQUEZ]
International organization participation: ABEDA APEC CAN CCC ECLAC FAO G-11 G-15 G-19 G-24 G-77 IADB IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICFTU ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO Inmarsat Intelsat Interpol IOC IOM ISO (correspondent) ITU LAES LAIA MONUC NAM OAS OPANAL OPCW PCA RG UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNMEE UNTAET UPU WCL WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTrO
Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Alfonso RIVERO Monsalve
In the us chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 833-9,860 through 9,869
In the us fax: [1] (202) 659-8,124
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador John HAMILTON
From the us embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34,031-5,000
From the us telephone: [51] (1) 434-3,000
From the us fax: [51] (1) 434-3,037
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side) white and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama cinchona tree (the source of quinine) and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins all framed by a green wreath
National symbols
National anthem
National heritage
Peru - Economy 2001
top of pageEconomy overview: The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market-oriented with major privatizations completed since 1990 in the mining electricity and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the FUJIMORI government and the IMF and World Bank growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998 El Nino's impact on agriculture the financial crisis in Asia and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent departure from office limited economic growth in 2000.
Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real gdp growth rate: 3.6% (2000 est.)
Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $4,550 (2000 est.)
Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Gdp composition by end use
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 15%
Industry: 42%
Services: 43% (1999)
Agriculture products: coffee cotton sugarcane rice wheat potatoes plantains coca; poultry beef dairy products wool; fish
Industries: mining of metals petroleum fishing textiles clothing food processing cement auto assembly steel shipbuilding metal fabrication
Industrial production growth rate: 8.5% (2000 est.)
Labor force: 7.6 million (1996 est.)
By occupation government and other services: 44%
By occupation agriculture: 37%
By occupation industry: 19% (1988 est.)
Labor force
Unemployment rate: 7.7%; extensive underemployment (1997)
Youth unemployment
Population below poverty line: 49% (1994 est.)
Gini index
Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 1.9%
Highest 10: 34.3% (1994)
Distribution of family income gini index
Budget
Revenues: $8.5 billion
Expenditures: $9.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (1996 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
Public debt
Revenue
Fiscal year: calendar year
Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.7% (2000 est.)
Central bank discount rate
Commercial bank prime lending rate
Stock of narrow money
Stock of broad money
Stock of domestic credit
Market value of publicly traded shares
Current account balance
Exports: $7 billion (f.o.b. 2000 est.)
Commodities: fish and fish products copper zinc gold crude petroleum and byproducts lead coffee sugar cotton
Partners: US 29% EU 25% Andean Community 6% Japan 4% Mercosur 3% (1999)
Imports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b. 2000 est.)
Commodities: machinery transport equipment foodstuffs petroleum iron and steel chemicals pharmaceuticals
Partners: US 32% EU 21% Andean Community 6% Mercosur 8% Japan 5% (1999)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Debt external: $31 billion (2000 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment at home
Stock of direct foreign investment abroad
Exchange rates: nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001) 3.4900 (2000) 3.383 (1999) 2.930 (1998) 2.664 (1997) 2.453 (1996)
Peru - Energy 2001
top of pageElectricity
Production: 18.886 billion kWh (1999)
Production by source fossil fuel: 23.04%
Production by source hydro: 76.43%
Production by source nuclear: 0%
Production by source other: 0.53% (1999)
Consumption: 17.565 billion kWh (1999)
Exports: 0 kWh (1999)
Imports: 1 million kWh (1999)
Coal
Petroleum
Crude oil
Refined petroleum
Natural gas
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy consumption per capita
Peru - Communication 2001
top of pageTelephones
Main lines in use: 1.509 million (1998)
Mobile cellular: 504,995 (1998)
Telephone system
General assessment: adequate for most requirements
Domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
International: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Broadcast media
Internet
Country code: .pe
Service providers isps: 10 (2000)
Users: 400,000 (2000)
Broadband fixed subscriptions
Peru - Military 2001
top of pageMilitary expenditures
Dollar figure: $1 billion (FY00)
Percent of gdp: 1.9% (FY00)
Military and security forces
Military service age and obligation
Space program
Terrorist groups
Peru - Transportation 2001
top of pageNational air transport system
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
Airports: 233 (2000 est.)
With paved runways total: 46
With paved runways over 3047 m: 6
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 18
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 13
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 8
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 187
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 25
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 65
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 95 (2000 est.)
Heliports
Pipelines: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Railways
Total: 1,988 km
Standard gauge: 1,608 km 1.435-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 380 km 0.914-m gauge
Roadways
Waterways
Note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
Merchant marine
Total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,623 GRT/61,769 DWT
Ships by type: cargo 5, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)
Ports and terminals
Peru - Transnational issues 2001
top of pageDisputes international: none
Refugees and internally displaced persons
Illicit drugs
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