Map of Russia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Founded in the 12th century the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725) hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social political and economic controls of the Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic front recent years have seen a recentralization of power under Vladimir PUTIN and an erosion in nascent democratic institutions. A determined guerrilla conflict still plagues Russia in Chechnya.


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Location: Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is included with Europe) bordering the Arctic Ocean between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N 100 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 17,075,200 km²
Land: 16,995,800 km²
Water: 79,400 km²
Comparative: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries
Total: 20,017 km
Border countries: (14) Azerbaijan 284 km; , Belarus 959 km; , China (southeast) 3,605 km; , China (south) 40 km; , Estonia 294 km; , Finland 1,340 km; , Georgia 723 km; , Kazakhstan 6,846 km; , North Korea 19 km; , Latvia 217 km; , Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km; , Mongolia 3,485 km; , Norway 196 km; , Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km; , Ukraine 1,576 km

Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Extremes highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Natural resources
Note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Land use
Arable land: 7.33%
Permanent crops: 0.11%
Other: 92.56% (2001)

Irrigated land: 46,630 km² (1998 est.)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia

Geography
Note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak


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Population: 143,420,309 (July 2005 est.)
Growth rate: -0.37% (2005 est.)
Below poverty line: 25% (January 2003 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Russian
Adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups: Russian 79.8% Tatar 3.8% Ukrainian 2% Bashkir 1.2% Chuvash 1.1% other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Languages: Russian many minority languages

Religions: Russian Orthodox Muslim other

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 10,704,617/female 10,173,313)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 49,429,716/female 52,799,740)
65 years and over: 14.2% (male 6,405,027/female 13,907,896) (2005 est.)

Dependency ratios

Median age
Total: 38.15 years
Male: 34.99 years
Female: 41.03 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.37% (2005 est.)

Birth rate: 9.8 births/1000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate: 14.52 deaths/1000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.03 migrant(s)/1000 population (2005 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from heavy industry emissions of coal-fired electric plants and transportation in major cities; industrial municipal and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male/female
Total population: 0.86 male/female (2005 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 15.39 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 17.7 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 12.94 deaths/1000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 67.1 years
Male: 60.55 years
Female: 74.04 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 1.1% (2001 est.)
People living with hivaids: 860,000 (2001 est.)
Deaths: 9,000 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.6%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.5% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Government type: federation

Capital: Moscow

Administrative divisions:
Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

Dependent areas

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday: Russia Day 12 June (1990)

Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993

Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
Head of government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5 March 2004); Deputy Premier Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004)
Cabinet: Ministries of the Government or 'Government' composed of the premier and his deputy, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president
Note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March 2008); note - no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
Election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, Nikolay KHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no candidate above 5%) 15.1%

Legislative branch
Elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next to be held NA December 2007)
Election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - United Russia 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR 11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Russia 222, CPRF 53, LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, SPS 2, other 7, independents 65, repeat election required 3

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Dmitriy ROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of Right Forces or SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; United Russia [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]

International organization participation: APEC ARF ASEAN (dialogue partner) BIS BSEC CBSS CE CERN (observer) CIS EAPC EBRD G- 8 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICCt (signatory) ICFTU ICRM IDA IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) ISO ITU LAIA (observer) MIGA MINURSO MONUC NAM (guest) NSG OAS (observer) ONUB OPCW OSCE Paris Club PCA PFP SCO UN UN Security Council UNAMSIL UNCTAD UNHCR UNIDO UNITAR UNMEE UNMIK UNMIL UNMISET UNMOVIC UNOCI UNOMIG UNTSO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO (observer) ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
In the us chancery: 2,650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,700, 5,701, 5,704, 5,708
In the us fax: [1] (202) 298-5,735
In the us consulates general: Houston, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW
From the us embassy: Bolshoy Devyatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121,099 Moscow
From the us mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 9,721
From the us telephone: [7] (095) 728-5,000
From the us fax: [7] (095) 728-5,090
From the us consulates general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top) blue and red

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Russia ended 2004 with its sixth straight year of growth averaging 6.5% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers of this economic rebound since 2000 investment and consumer-driven demand have played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital investments have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last five years and real personal incomes have realized average increases over 12%. Russia has also improved its international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis with its foreign debt declining from 90% of GDP to around 28%. Strong oil export earnings have allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from only $12 billion to some $120 billion at yearend 2004. These achievements along with a renewed government effort to advance structural reforms have raised business and investor confidence in Russia's economic prospects. Nevertheless serious problems persist. Economic growth slowed down in the second half of 2004 and the Russian government forecasts growth of only 4.5% to 6.2% for 2005. Oil natural gas metals and timber account for more than 80% of exports leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices. Russia's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth. Other problems include a weak banking system a poor business climate that discourages both domestic and foreign investors corruption and widespread lack of trust in institutions. In addition a string of investigations launched against a major Russian oil company culminating with the arrest of its CEO in the fall of 2003 have raised concerns by some observers that President PUTIN is granting more influence to forces within his government that desire to reassert state control over the economy.

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $1.408 trillion (2004 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: 6.7% (2004 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $9,800 (2004 est.)

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.9%
Industry: 33.9%
Services: 61.2% (2004 est.)

Agriculture products: grain sugar beets sunflower seed vegetables fruits; beef milk

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal oil gas chemicals and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar missile production and advanced electronic components shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery tractors and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables textiles foodstuffs handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: 6.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 71.83 million (2004 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 12.3%
By occupation industry: 22.7%
By occupation services: 65% 2002 est.

Unemployment rate: 8.3% plus considerable underemployment (2004 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 25% (January 2003 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 5.9%
Highest 10: 47% (2001)

Distribution of family income gini index: 39.9 (2001)

Budget
Revenues: $106.4 billion
Expenditures: $93.33 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt: 28.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 11.5% (2004 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $46.04 billion (2004 est.)

Exports: $162.5 billion (2004 est.)
Commodities: petroleum and petroleum products natural gas wood and wood products metals chemicals and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Partners: Netherlands 9.1% Germany 8% Ukraine 6.4% Italy 6.2% China 6% US 5% Switzerland 4.7% Turkey 4.3% (2004)

Imports: $92.91 billion (2004 est.)
Commodities: machinery and equipment consumer goods medicines meat sugar semifinished metal products
Partners: Germany 15.3% Ukraine 8.8% China 6.9% Japan 5.7% Kazakhstan 5% US 4.6% Italy 4.6% France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $124.5 billion (3 December 2004 e)

Debt external: $169.6 billion (2004 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.814 (2004) 30.692 (2003) 31.349 (2002) 29.169 (2001) 28.129 (2000)


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Electricity
Production: 915 billion kWh (2003)
Consumption: 894.3 billion kWh (2003)
Exports: 20.7 billion kWh (2003)
Imports: 12.65 billion kWh (2002)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 578.6 billion m³ (2003 est.)
Consumption: 405.8 billion m³ (2003 est.)
Exports: 171 billion m³ (2003 est.)
Imports: 32.7 billion m³ (2001 est.)
Proven reserves: 47 trillion m³ (2003)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Main lines in use: 35.5 million (2002)
Mobile cellular: 17,608,800 (2002)

Telephone system
General assessment: the telephone system underwent significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; however, a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
Domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
International: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems

Broadcast media

Internet
Country code: .ru; Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain '.su' that was allocated to the Soviet Union and whose legal status and ownership are contested by the Russian Government ICANN and several Russian commercial entities
Hosts: 560,874 (2004)
Users: 6 million (2002)

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: NA
Percent of gdp: NA

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 200,000 conscripts were inducted into the armed forces in 2003; length of compulsory military service is 2 years; plans as of August 2004 call for reduction in mandatory service to 1 year by 2008; 2003 planning calls for volunteer servicemen to compose 70% of armed forces by 2010 with the remaining servicemen consisting of conscripts (August 2004)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 2,586 (2004 est.)
With paved runways total: 577
With paved runways over 3047 m: 55
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 197
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 128
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 98
With paved runways under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 2,009
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 14
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 30
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 111
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 257
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,597 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 36 (2004 est.)

Pipelines: condensate 122 km; gas 150,007 km; oil 75,539 km; refined products 13,771 km (2004)

Railways
Total: 87,157 km
Broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
Narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
Note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2004)

Roadways

Waterways
Note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2004)

Merchant marine
Total: 1,194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,521,472 GRT/5,505,118 DWT
By type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 45, cargo 767, chemical tanker 20, combination ore/oil 48, container 21, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 213, refrigerated cargo 46, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 2
Foreign owned: 56 (Belgium 2, Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Germany 1, Hong Kong 1, Latvia 3, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Turkey 28, Ukraine 10, United Kingdom 2, United States 4)
Registered in other countries: 326 (2005)

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: in 2004 China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur Ussuri and Argun Rivers ending a century-old border dispute; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu Kunashiri Shikotan and the Habomai group known in Japan as the 'Northern Territories' and in Russia as the 'Southern Kurils' occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border leaving certain small strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treaties were signed and ratified with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea but no consensus exists on dividing the water column among the littoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in 1996 the Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was initialed but both have been hesitant to sign and ratify it with Russia asserting that Estonia needs to better assimilate Russian-speakers and Estonian groups advocating realignment of the boundary based more closely on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; the Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second World War and other issues; in 2003 the Lithuania-Russia land and maritime boundary treaty was ratified and a transit regime established through Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad coastal exclave leaving only improvements to the border demarcation in 2005; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is complete but states have agreed to defer demarcation; Russia and Ukraine continue talks but still dispute the alignment of a maritime boundary through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov; Kazakhstan and Russia continue demarcation of their long border; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Idps: 368,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2004)

Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates cannabis and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market