Map of Indonesia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender but it required four years of intermittent negotiations recurring hostilities and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty preventing terrorism consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism implementing financial sector reforms stemming corruption holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations and controlling avian influenza. In 2005 Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.


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Location: Southeastern Asia archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,919,440 km²
Land: 1,826,440 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,830 km
Border countries: (3) Timor-Leste 228 km; , Malaysia 1,782 km; , Papua New Guinea 820 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; hot humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources: petroleum tin natural gas nickel timber bauxite copper fertile soils coal gold silver

Land use
Arable land: 11.03%
Permanent crops: 7.04%
Other: 81.93% (2005)

Irrigated land: 45,000 km² (2003)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources: 2,838 km³ (1999)

Natural hazards: occasional floods severe droughts tsunamis earthquakes volcanoes forest fires

Geography
Note: archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean


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Population: 237,512,352 (July 2008 est.)
Growth rate: 1.175% (2008 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.6% Sundanese 15% Madurese 3.3% Minangkabau 2.7% Betawi 2.4% Bugis 2.4% Banten 2% Banjar 1.7% other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official modified form of Malay) English Dutch local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)

Religions: Muslim 86.1% Protestant 5.7% Roman Catholic 3% Hindu 1.8% other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 28.4% (male 34,343,198/female 33,175,135)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 78,330,830/female 77,812,339)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male 6,151,305/female 7,699,548) (2008 est.)

Dependency ratios

Median age
Total: 27.2 years
Male: 26.7 years
Female: 27.7 years (2008 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.175% (2008 est.)

Birth rate: 19.24 births/1000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 6.24 deaths/1000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.25 migrant(s)/1000 population (2008 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.03 male/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male/female
Total population: 1 male/female (2008 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 31.04 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 36.14 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 25.68 deaths/1000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.46 years
Male: 67.98 years
Female: 73.07 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (2008 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2003 est.)
People living with hivaids: 110,000 (2003 est.)
Deaths: 2,400 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria
Note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 3.6% of GDP (2006)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 90.4%
Male: 94%
Female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 11 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 11 years (2005)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Government type: republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Administrative divisions
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Dependent areas

Independence
Note: recognized by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949; in August 2005, the Netherlands announced it recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

National holiday: Independence Day 17 August (1945)

Constitution: August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950 restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
Election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

Legislative branch
Elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held 8 or 9 April 2009)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
Note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006

Political parties and leaders: Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

International organization participation: ADB APEC APT ARF ASEAN BIS CP EAS FAO G-15 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC MIGA MONUC NAM OIC OPCW OPEC PIF (partner) UN UN Security Council (temporary) UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNIFIL UNMIL UNMIS UNOMIG UNWTO UPU WCL WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us fax: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Cameron R. HUME
From the us embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: Unit 8,129, Box 1, FPO AP 96,520
From the us telephone: [62] (21) 3,435-9,000
From the us fax: [62] (21) 3,435-9,922
From the us consulates general: Surabaya

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Indonesia a vast polyglot nation has been undergoing significant economic reforms under President YUDHOYONO. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio has been declining steadily its foreign exchange reserves are at an all-time high of over $50 billion and its stock market has been one of the three best performers in the world in 2006 and 2007 as global investors sought out higher returns in emerging markets. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector including tax and customs reforms the introduction of Treasury bills and improved capital market supervision. Indonesia's new investment law passed in March 2007 seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment inadequate infrastructure corruption a complex regulatory environment and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia has been slow to privatize over 100 state-owned enterprises several of which have monopolies in key sectors. The non-bank financial sector including pension funds and insurance remains weak. Capital markets are underdeveloped. The high global price of oil in 2007 increased the cost of domestic fuel and electricity subsidies and are contributing to concerns about higher food prices. Located on the Pacific 'Ring of Fire' Indonesia remains vulnerable to volcanic and tectonic disasters. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. Unfortunately Indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near Yogyakarta an industrial accident in Sidoarjo East Java that created a 'mud volcano' a tsunami in South Java and major flooding in Jakarta all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts.

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $843.7 billion (2007 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: 6.3% (2007 est.)

Real gdp per capita: $3,600 (2007 est.)

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 13.8%
Industry: 46.7%
Services: 39.4% (2007 est.)

Agriculture products: rice cassava (tapioca) peanuts rubber cocoa coffee palm oil copra; poultry beef pork eggs

Industries: petroleum and natural gas textiles apparel footwear mining cement chemical fertilizers plywood rubber food tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.7% (2007 est.)

Labor force: 109.9 million (2007 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 43.3%
By occupation industry: 18%
By occupation services: 38.7% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate: 9.1% (2007 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.6%
Highest 10: 28.5% (2002)

Distribution of family income gini index: 36.3 (2005)

Budget
Revenues: $79.56 billion
Expenditures: $84.87 billion (2007 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt: 34% of GDP (2007 est.)

Revenue

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 6.3% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate: 8% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 13.86% (31 December 2007)

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit: $170.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares: $138.9 billion (2006)

Current account balance: $11.01 billion (2007 est.)

Exports: $118 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Commodities: oil and gas electrical appliances plywood textiles rubber
Partners: Japan 20.7% US 10.2% Singapore 9.2% China 8.5% South Korea 6.6% Malaysia 4.5% India 4.3% (2007)

Imports: $84.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Commodities: machinery and equipment chemicals fuels foodstuffs
Partners: Singapore 13.2% China 11.5% Japan 8.8% Malaysia 8.6% US 6.4% Thailand 5.8% Saudi Arabia 4.5% South Korea 4.3% Australia 4% (2007)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt external: $140 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $57.6 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $9.225 billion (2006 est.)

Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.) 9,159 (2006) 9,705 (2005) 8,939 (2004) 8,577 (2003)


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Electricity
Production: 125.7 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Consumption: 110.7 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2007 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2007 est.)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 56 billion m³ (2007 est.)
Consumption: 23.4 billion m³ (2007 est.)
Exports: 32.6 billion m³ (2007 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2007 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.659 trillion m³ (1 January 2008 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Main lines in use: 17.828 million (2007)
Mobile cellular: 81.835 million (2007)

Telephone system
General assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
Domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidly
International: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Broadcast media

Internet
Country code: .id
Hosts: 753,200 (2008)
Users: 13 million (2007)

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 3% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 652 (2007)
With paved runways total: 158
With paved runways over 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 15
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 51
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 49
With paved runways under 914 m: 39 (2007)
With unpaved runways total: 494
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 5
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 27
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 462 (2007)

Heliports: 17 (2007)

Pipelines: condensate 963 km; condensate/gas 81 km; gas 9,003 km; oil 7,471 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 1365 km (2007)

Railways
Total: 6,458 km
Narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2006)

Roadways
Total: 391,009 km
Paved: 216,714 km
Unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)

Waterways: 21,579 km (2007)

Merchant marine
Total: 971
By type: bulk carrier 54, cargo 514, chemical tanker 35, container 80, liquefied gas 7, passenger 44, passenger/cargo 68, petroleum tanker 143, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 4
Foreign owned: 43 (China 2, France 1, Germany 1, Japan 6, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 27, Taiwan 2, UAE 2)
Registered in other countries: 114 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 1, Hong Kong 7, Liberia 2, Mongolia 1, Panama 31, Singapore 66, unknown 2) (2008)

Ports and terminals: Banjarmasin Belawan Ciwandan Kotabaru Krueg Geukueh Palembang Panjang Sungai Pakning Tanjung Perak Tanjung Priok


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Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Idps: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy