Map of Mali | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup - led by the current president Amadou TOURE - enabling Mali's emergence as one of the strongest democracies on the continent. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first democratic presidential election in 1992 and was reelected in 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit KONARE stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE who was subsequently elected to a second term in 2007. The elections were widely judged to be free and fair.


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Location: Western Africa southwest of Algeria

Geographic coordinates: 17 00 N 4 00 W

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1,240,192 km²
Rank: 24
Land: 1,220,190 km²
Water: 20,002 km²
Comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 7,243 km
Border countries: (7) Algeria 1376 km; Burkina Faso 1000 km; Guinea 858 km; Cote d'Ivoire 532 km; Mauritania 2,237 km; Niger 821 km; Senegal 419 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy humid and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south rugged hills in northeast

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Senegal River 23 m
Extremes highest point: Hombori Tondo 1155 m

Natural resources: gold phosphates kaolin salt limestone uranium gypsum granite hydropower
Note: bauxite iron ore manganese tin and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Land use
Arable land: 3.76%
Permanent crops: 0.03%
Other: 96.21% (2005)

Irrigated land: 2,360 km² (2003)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources: 100 km³ (2001)

Natural hazards: hot dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Geography
Note: landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern cultivated Sudanese; the central semiarid Sahelian; and the northern arid Saharan


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Population: 13,796,354 (July 2010 est.)
Rank: 67
Growth rate: 2.607% (2010 est.)
Growth rate rank: 26
Below poverty line: 36.1% (2005 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Malian
Adjective: Malian

Ethnic groups: Mande 50% (Bambara Malinke Soninke) Peul 17% Voltaic 12% Songhai 6% Tuareg and Moor 10% other 5%

Languages: French (official) Bambara 80% numerous African languages

Religions: Muslim 90% Christian 1% indigenous beliefs 9%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 47.6%
15-64 years: 49.5% (male 3,241,250/female 3,406,757)
65 years and over: 3% (male 189,886/female 207,018) (2010 est.)

Dependency ratios

Median age
Total: 16.2 years
Male: 15.8 years
Female: 16.6 years (2010 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.607% (2010 est.)
Rank: 26

Birth rate: 46.09 births/1000 population (2010 est.)
Rank: 3

Death rate: 14.64 deaths/1000 population (July 2010 est.)
Rank: 15

Net migration rate: -5.38 migrant(s)/1000 population (2010 est.)
Rank: 201

Population distribution

Urbanization
Urban population: 32% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 4.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Wetlands Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 113.66 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 4
Male: 120.5 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 106.61 deaths/1000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 52.17 years
Rank: 208
Male: 50.59 years
Female: 53.8 years (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.54 children born/woman (2010 est.)
Rank: 3

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 1.5% (2007 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 42
People living with hivaids: 100,000 (2007 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 46
Deaths: 5,800 (2007 est.)
Deaths rank: 42

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne disease: malaria
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2009)

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (2008)
Rank: 117

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 46.4%
Male: 53.5%
Female: 39.6% (2003 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 8 years
Male: 9 years
Female: 7 years (2009)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Mali
Conventional short form: Mali
Local long form: Republique de Mali
Local short form: Mali
Former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Government type: republic

Capital
Name: Bamako
Geographic coordinates: 12 39 N 8 00 W
Time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions singular - region); Gao Kayes Kidal Koulikoro Mopti Segou Sikasso Tombouctou

Dependent areas

Independence: 22 September 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day 22 September (1960)

Constitution: adopted 12 January 1992

Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE
Head of government: Prime Minister Modibo SIDIBE (since 28 September 2007)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2012); prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE reelected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 71.2% Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 19.2% other 9.6%

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
Elections: last held on 1 and 22 July 2007 (next to be held in July 2012)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ADP coalition 113 (ADEMA 51 URD 34 MPR 8 CNID 7 UDD 3 and other 10) FDR coalition 15 (RPM 11 PARENA 4) SADI 4 independent 15

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders: African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO secretary general]; Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region); Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]; Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Basir GOLOGO]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

International organization participation: ACP AfDB AU CD ECOWAS FAO FZ G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICCt ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC MIGA MONUSCO NAM OIC OIF OPCW UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNMIL UNWTO UPU WADB (regional) WAEMU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou TRAORE
In the us chancery: 2,130 R Street NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-2,249 939-8,950
In the us fax: [1] (202) 332-6,603
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Gillian A. MILOVANOVIC
From the us embassy: located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district
From the us mailing address: ACI 2000 Rue 243 Porte 297 Bamako
From the us telephone: [223] 270-2,300
From the us fax: [223] 270-2,479

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) yellow and red
Note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

National symbols

National anthem
Name: 'Le Mali'
Lyricsmusic: Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO
Note: adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as 'Pour L'Afrique et pour toi Mali' (For Africa and for You Mali) and 'A ton appel Mali' (At Your Call Mali)

National heritage


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Economy overview: Among the 25 poorest countries in the world Mali is a landlocked country highly dependent on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The government has continued an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that has helped the economy grow diversify and attract foreign investment. Mali is developing its cotton and iron ore extraction industries to diversify its revenue sources because gold production has started to fall. Mali has invested in tourism but security issues are hurting the industry. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a 5% average in 1996-2010. Worker remittances and external trade routes for the landlocked country have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire however Mali is building a road network that will connect it to all adjacent countries and it has a railway line to Senegal. In 2010 Mali experienced a regional drought that hurt livestock and livelihoods.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 134
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 55

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 206
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 45%
Industry: 17%
Services: 38% (2001 est.)

Agriculture products: cotton millet rice corn vegetables peanuts; cattle sheep goats

Industries: food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Labor force: 3.241 million (2007 est.)
Rank: 100
By occupation agriculture: 80%
By occupation industry and services: 20% (2005 est.)

Unemployment rate: 30% (2004 est.)
Rank: 178

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 36.1% (2005 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.7%
Highest 10: 30.5% (2006)

Distribution of family income gini index: 50.5 (1994)
Rank: 61

Budget

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 2.5% (2007 est.)
Rank: 75

Central bank discount rate: 4.75% (31 December 2008)
Rank: 97

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

Stock of narrow money: $1.559 billion (31 December 2008)
Rank: 124

Stock of broad money: $2.12 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Rank: 137

Stock of domestic credit: $1.095 billion (31 December 2008)
Rank: 150

Market value of publicly traded shares: $NA

Current account balance: -$446 million (2007 est.)
Rank: 113

Exports: $294 million (2006)
Rank: 174
Commodities: cotton gold livestock
Partners: China 14.61% Thailand 8.28% Pakistan 6.74% Morocco 6.48% Burkina Faso 4.67% France 4.6% India 4.45% (2009)

Imports: $2.358 billion (2006)
Rank: 149
Commodities: petroleum machinery and equipment construction materials foodstuffs textiles
Partners: Senegal 12.21% France 11.57% Cote d'Ivoire 10.05% China 5.89% (2009)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $2.8 billion (2002)
Rank: 133

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 506.04 (2009) 447.81 (2008) 493.51 (2007) 522.59 (2006)
Note: since 1 January 1999 the West African CFA franc (XOF) has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro; West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF) and vice versa even though the two currencies trade at par


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Electricity
Production: 515 million kWh (2007 est.)
Production rank: 158
Consumption: 479 million kWh (2007 est.)
Consumption rank: 162
Exports: 0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2008 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2008 est.)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Production rank: 148
Consumption: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Consumption rank: 139
Exports: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Exports rank: 153
Imports: 0 m³ (2008 est.)
Imports rank: 96
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2010 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 148

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Main lines in use: 81,000 (2009)
Main lines in use rank: 148
Mobile cellular: 3.742 million (2009)
Mobile cellular rank: 107

Telephone system
General assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas
Domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to nearly 30 per 100 persons
International: country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean 1 Indian Ocean) (2008)

Broadcast media: national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately-owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately-owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet
Country code: .ml
Hosts: 524 (2010)
Hosts rank: 179
Users: 249,800 (2009)
Users rank: 135

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1.9% of GDP (2006)
Rank: 78

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2010)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 20 (2010)
Rank: 134
With paved runways total: 8
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2010)
With unpaved runways total: 12
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 (2010)

Heliports

Pipelines

Railways
Total: 593 km
Rank: 111
Narrow gauge: 593 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

Roadways
Total: 18,709 km
Rank: 114
Paved: 3,368 km
Unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)

Waterways: 1800 km (downstream of Koulikoro; low water levels on the River Niger cause problems in dry years; in the months before the rainy season the river is not navigable by commercial vessels) (2010)
Rank: 46

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals: Koulikoro


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Disputes international: none

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 6,300 (Mauritania) (2007)

Illicit drugs