Map of Italy | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula along with Sardinia and Sicily were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth high youth and female unemployment organized crime corruption and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.


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Location: Southern Europe a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea northeast of Tunisia

Geographic coordinates: 42 50 N 12 50 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 301,340 km²
Land: 294,140 km²
Water: 7,200 km²
Note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Rank: 72
Comparative: almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries
Total: 1836.4 km
Border countries: (5) Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km

Coastline: 7,600 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot dry in south

Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains coastal lowlands

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Extremes highest point: Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)

Natural resources: coal mercury zinc potash marble barite asbestos pumice fluorspar feldspar pyrite (sulfur) natural gas and crude oil reserves fish arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 47.1%
Forest: 31.4%
Other: 21.5%

Irrigated land: 39,510 km² (2007)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources: 191.3 km³ (2011)

Natural hazards: regional risks include landslides mudflows avalanches earthquakes volcanic eruptions flooding; land subsidence in Venice
Volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna which is in eruption as of 2010 is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna along with the famous Vesuvius which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli on its namesake island has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei Ischia Larderello Pantelleria Vulcano and Vulsini

Geography
Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe


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Population: 61,855,120 (July 2015 est.)
Rank: 24
Growth rate: 0.27% (2015 est.)
Growth rate rank: 177
Below poverty line: 29.9% (2012 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Italian
Adjective: Italian

Ethnic groups: Italian (includes small clusters of German- French- and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)

Languages: Italian (official) German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking) French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region) Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Religions: Christian 80% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants) Muslim (about 800,000 to 1 million) Atheist and Agnostic 20%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.73%
15-24 years: 9.79%
25-54 years: 42.74%
55-64 years: 12.54%
65 years and over: 21.2% (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 56.5%
Youth dependency ratio: 21.5%
Elderly dependency ratio: 35.1%
Potential support ratio: 2.9%

Median age
Total: 44.8 years
Male: 43.7 years
Female: 45.9 years

Population growth rate: 0.27% (2015 est.)
Rank: 177

Birth rate: 8.74 births/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 213

Death rate: 10.19 deaths/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 40

Net migration rate: 4.1 migrant(s)/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 30

Population distribution

Urbanization
Urban population: 69% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 0.39% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: ROME (capital) 3.718 million; Milan 3.099 million; Naples 2.202 million; Turin 1.765 million; Palermo 853,000; Bergamo 840,000 (2015)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Air Pollution-Sulfur 85 Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Antarctic-Marine Living Resources Antarctic Seals Antarctic Treaty Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male/female
25-54 years: 0.98 male/female
55-64 years: 0.94 male/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male/female
Total population: 0.93 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.29 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 3.49 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 3.08 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 212

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.12 years
Male: 79.48 years
Female: 84.92 years
Rank: 14

Total fertility rate: 1.43 children born/woman (2015 est.)
Rank: 208

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source:

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 3.76 physicians/1000 population (2012)

Hospital bed density: 3.4 beds/1000 population (2011)

Sanitation facility access:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.28% (2013 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 85
People living with hivaids: 122,000 (2013 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 39
Deaths: NA

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.7% (2014)
Rank: 97

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 4.3% of GDP (2011)
Rank: 93

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.2%
Male: 99.4%
Female: 99%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 17 years

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Italian Republic
Conventional short form: Italy
Local long form: Repubblica Italiana
Local short form: Italia
Former: Kingdom of Italy

Government type: republic

Capital
Name: Rome
Geographic coordinates: 41 54 N 12 29 E
Time difference: UTC+1
Daylight saving time: +1hr begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions: 15 regions (regioni singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome singular - regione autonoma)
Regions: Abruzzo Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Lazio Liguria Lombardia Marche Molise Piemonte (Piedmont) Puglia (Apulia) Toscana (Tuscany) Umbria Veneto (Venetia)
Autonomous regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna ; Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)

Dependent areas

Independence: 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1870)

National holiday: Republic Day 2 June (1946)

Constitution: previous 1848 (originally for Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947 adopted 27 December 1947 entered into force 1 January 1948; amended many times last in 2012 (2013)

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections where minimum age is 25

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Sergio MATTARELLA ; Giorgio NAPOLITANO resigned 14 January 2015
Head of government: Prime Minister Matteo RENZI ; note - the prime minister title is President of the Council of Ministers
Cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the president
Electionsappointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term ; election last held on 31 January 2015 (next scheduled for 2020); prime minister appointed by the president confirmed by parliament
Election results: Sergio MATTARELLA elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1009 ; Matteo RENZI sworn in as prime minister on 22 February 2014

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last held on 24-25 February 2013 ; Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition [Pier Luigi BERSANI] 123 center-right coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] 117 (PdL 98 LN 18 other 1) M5S 54 centrist coalition [Mario MONTI] 19 other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition [Pier Luigi BERSANI] 345 (PD 297 SEL 37 CD 6 SVP 5) center-right coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] 125 (PdL 98 LN 18 FdI 9) M5S 109 centrist coalition [Mario MONTI] 47 other 4; note - President NAPOLITANO dissolved Parliament on 22 December 2012

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court of Cassation consists of the first president deputy president 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of the Judiciary headed by the president of the republic to serve NA terms; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president 5 elected by parliament 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years)
Subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts

Political parties and leaders: Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member) AfDB (nonregional member) Arctic Council (observer) Australia Group BIS BSEC (observer) CBSS (observer) CD CDB CE CEI CERN EAPC EBRD ECB EIB EITI (implementing country) EMU ESA EU FAO FATF G-7 G-8 G-10 G-20 IADB IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICCt ICRM IDA IEA IFAD IFC IFRCS IGAD (partners) IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) LAIA (observer) MIGA MINURSO MINUSMA NATO NEA NSG OAS (observer) OECD OPCW OSCE Pacific Alliance (observer) Paris Club PCA PIF (partner) Schengen Convention SELEC (observer) SICA (observer) UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNIFIL Union Latina UNMOGIP UNRWA UNTSO UNWTO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Claudio BISOGNIERO
In the us chancery: 3,000 Whitehaven Street NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] 612-4,400
In the us FAX: [1] 518-2,151
In the us consulate general: Boston Chicago Detroit Houston Miami New York Los Angeles Philadelphia San Francisco
In the us consulate: Charlotte Cleveland (OH) Detroit (MI) Hattiesburg (MS) Honolulu (HI) New Orleans Newark (NJ) Norfolk (VA) Pittsburgh (PA) Portland (OR) Seattle
In the us consular agency: Anchorage (AL) Charleston (SC) Worcester (MA)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador John R. PHILLIPS ; note - also accredited to San Marino
From the us embassy: Via Vittorio Veneto 121 00187-Rome
From the us mailing address: PSC 59 Box 100 APO AE 9,624
From the us telephone: [39] 46,741
From the us FAX: [39] 4,674-2,244
From the us consulate general: Florence Milan Naples
From the us consular agency: Anchorage (AL) Charleston (SC) Worcester (MA)

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) white and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
Note: similar to the flag of Mexico which is longer uses darker shades of red and green and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland which is longer and is green white and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side) white and green

National symbols: white five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red white green

National anthem
Name: 'Il Canto degli Italiani'
Lyrics and music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
Note: adopted 1946; the anthem originally written in 1847 is also known as 'L'Inno di Mameli' and 'Fratelli D'Italia' (Brothers of Italy)

National heritage


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Economy overview: Italy has a diversified economy which is divided into a developed industrial north dominated by private companies and a less-developed highly subsidized agricultural south where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture construction and service sectors. Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro-zone but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007 topping 132% of GDP in 2014 but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013 bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's long-standing structural impediments to growth such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014 economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate with overall unemployment rising to 12.2% and youth unemployment around 40%. Italy's GDP is now nearly 10% below its 2007 pre-crisis level.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 13

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 202

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 49

Gross national saving:
Rank: 91

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 60.2%
Government consumption: 20%
Investment in fixed capital: 16.9%
Investment in inventories: 0%
Exports of goods and services: 30.1%
Imports of goods and services: -27.2%: (2014 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.2%
Industry: 23.9%
Services: 73.9%

Agriculture products: fruits vegetables grapes potatoes sugar beets soybeans grain olives; beef dairy products; fish

Industries: tourism machinery iron and steel chemicals food processing textiles motor vehicles clothing footwear ceramics

Industrial production growth rate: -0.2% (2014 est.)
Rank: 172

Labor force: 25.51 million (2014 est.)
Rank: 26
By occupation agriculture: 3.9%
By occupation industry: 28.3%
By occupation services: 67.8%

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 130

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 29.9% (2012 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.3%
Highest 10: 26.8%

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 110

Budget
Revenues: $990.7 billion
Expenditures: $1.055 trillion
Surplus or deficit: -3% of GDP (2014 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 117

Taxes and other revenues: 46.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
Rank: 20

Public debt:
Note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities : currency and deposits (AF.2) securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3 excluding AF.34) and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the central government state government local government and social security funds
Rank: 5

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 32

Central bank discount rate:
Note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
Rank: 149

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 153

Stock of narrow money:
Note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
Rank: 6

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 8

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 8

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 23

Current account balance:
Rank: 17

Exports:
Rank: 12
Commodities: engineering products textiles and clothing production machinery motor vehicles transport equipment chemicals; foodstuffs beverages and tobacco; minerals nonferrous metals
Partners: Germany 12.8% France 10.7% US 7.2% UK 5.3% Switzerland 4.7% Spain 4.6% (2014)

Imports:
Rank: 13
Commodities: engineering products chemicals transport equipment energy products minerals and nonferrous metals textiles and clothing; food beverages tobacco
Partners: Germany 16.1% France 9% China 7.3% Netherlands 5.8% Spain 5% Belgium 4.5% (2014)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 17

Debt external:
Rank: 8

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 17

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 14

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Production: 286.2 billion kWh (2012 est.)
Production rank: 13
Consumption: 307.2 billion kWh (2012 est.)
Consumption rank: 13
Exports: 2.181 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 43
Imports: 44.34 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 3
Installed generating capacity: 124.2 million kW (2012 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 9
Generation sources fossil fuels: 66.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 121
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 112
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 12.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 109
Generation sources other renewable sources: 20.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 10

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 112,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 45
Crude oil exports: 14,640 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 57
Crude oil imports: 1.387 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 7
Crude oil proven reserves: 560.5 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 50

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 1.692 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
Products production rank: 13
Products consumption: 1.315 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products consumption rank: 17
Products exports: 628,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Products exports rank: 11
Products imports: 347,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Products imports rank: 19

Natural gas
Production: 7.735 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Production rank: 45
Consumption: 70.07 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Consumption rank: 11
Exports: 228 million m³ (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 43
Imports: 61.96 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 5
Proven reserves: 59.43 billion m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 61

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 385.8 million Mt (2012 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 18

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 20.57 million
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33
Fixed lines rank: 15
Mobile cellular total: 94.2 million
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 153
Mobile cellular rank: 18

Telephone system
General assessment: modern well-developed fast; fully automated telephone telex and data services
Domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
International: country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia Middle East Europe North Africa and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) and NA Eutelsat (2011)

Broadcast media: two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; some 1300 commercial radio stations (2007)

Internet
Country code: .it
Users total: 37 million
Users percent of population: 59.9%
Users rank: 18

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 52

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation (2013)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 129 (2013)
Rank: 45
With paved runways total: 98
With paved runways over 3047 m: 9
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 31
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 18
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 29
With paved runways under 914 m: 11
With unpaved runways total: 31
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10
With unpaved runways: 20 (2013)

Heliports: 5 (2013)

Pipelines: gas 20,223 km; oil 1393 km; refined products 1574 km (2013)

Railways
Total: 20,182 km
Standard gauge: 18,770 km 1.435-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 122.3 km 1.000-m gauge ; 1289.3 km 0.950-m gauge (151.3 km electrified) (2014)
Rank: 13

Roadways
Total: 487,700 km
Paved: 487,700 km (2007)
Rank: 15

Waterways: 2,400 km (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail) (2012)
Rank: 36

Merchant marine
Total: 681
By type: bulk carrier 105 cargo 42 carrier 1 chemical tanker 164 container 21 liquefied gas 28 passenger 25 passenger/cargo 154 petroleum tanker 59 refrigerated cargo 4 roll on/roll off 39 specialized tanker 9 vehicle carrier 30
Foreign owned: 90
Registered in other countries: 201 (2010)
Rank: 17

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Augusta Cagliari Genoa Livorno Taranto Trieste Venice
Oil terminals: Melilli oil terminal Sarroch oil terminal
Container port: Genoa (1,847,648) Gioia Tauro (2,264,798) La Spezia (1,307,274)
LNG terminal: La Spezia Panigaglia Porto Levante


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Disputes international: Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 13,357 (Eritrea); 12,213 (Somalia); 8,991 (Afghanistan); 6,293 (Nigeria); 5,764 (Pakistan); 5,552 (Mali) (2014)
Stateless persons: 813

Illicit drugs: important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling