Map of Russia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background: Founded in the 12th century the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725) hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905 which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN’s term (1991-99) Russia shifted toward a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections populist appeals by President PUTIN foreign policy focused on enhancing the country’s geopolitical influence - particularly in the former Soviet Union - and continued economic growth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.


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Location: North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N 100 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 16,377,742 km²
Water: 720,500 km²
Rank: 1
Comparative: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries
Total: 22,408 km
Border countries: (14) Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km; China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km; Ukraine 1944 km

Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Extremes highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil natural gas coal and many strategic minerals reserves of rare earth elements timber
Note: formidable obstacles of climate terrain and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Land use
Agricultural land: 13.1%
Forest: 49.4%
Other: 37.5%

Irrigated land: 43,460 km² (2008)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources: 4,508 km³ (2011)

Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
Volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi which erupted in 2007 and 2010 is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny Chikurachki Ebeko Gorely Grozny Karymsky Ketoi Kronotsky Ksudach Medvezhia Mutnovsky Sarychev Peak Shiveluch Tiatia Tolbachik and Zheltovsky

Geography
Note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal the deepest lake in the world is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh water


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Population: 142,423,773 (July 2015 est.)
Rank: 10
Growth rate: -0.04% (2015 est.)
Growth rate rank: 200
Below poverty line: 11% (2013 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Russian
Adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups: Russian 77.7% Tatar 3.7% Ukrainian 1.4% Bashkir 1.1% Chuvash 1% Chechen 1% other 10.2% unspecified 3.9%
Note: more than 190 ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

Languages: Russian (official) 96.3% Dolgang 5.3% German 1.5% Chechen 1% Tatar 3% other 10.3%
Note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20% Muslim 10-15% other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.68%
15-24 years: 10.15%
25-54 years: 45.54%
55-64 years: 14.01%
65 years and over: 13.61% (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 43.1%
Youth dependency ratio: 24%
Elderly dependency ratio: 19.1%
Potential support ratio: 5.2%

Median age
Total: 39.1 years
Male: 36.2 years
Female: 42.1 years

Population growth rate: -0.04% (2015 est.)
Rank: 200

Birth rate: 11.6 births/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 168

Death rate: 13.69 deaths/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 10

Net migration rate: 1.69 migrant(s)/1000 population (2015 est.)
Rank: 51

Population distribution

Urbanization
Urban population: 74% of total population
Rate of urbanization: -0.13% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: MOSCOW (capital) 12.166 million; Saint Petersburg 4.993 million; Novosibirsk 1.497 million; Yekaterinburg 1.379 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.212 million; Samara 1.164 million (2015)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from heavy industry emissions of coal-fired electric plants and transportation in major cities; industrial municipal and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution-Sulfur 85 Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Antarctic-Marine Living Resources Antarctic Seals Antarctic Treaty Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Wetlands Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male/female
25-54 years: 0.96 male/female
55-64 years: 0.75 male/female
65 years and over: 0.45 male/female
Total population: 0.86 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.97 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 6.07 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 160

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.47 years
Male: 64.7 years
Female: 76.57 years
Rank: 152

Total fertility rate: 1.61 children born/woman (2015 est.)
Rank: 179

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 68%
Note: percent of women aged 15-44

Drinking water source:

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 4.31 physicians/1000 population (2006)

Hospital bed density: 9.7 beds/1000 population (2006)

Sanitation facility access:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: NA
People living with hivaids: NA
Deaths: NA

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
Note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.2% (2014)
Rank: 46

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 4.1% of GDP (2008)
Rank: 110

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.6%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Former: Russian Empire Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Government type: federation

Capital
Name: Moscow
Geographic coordinates: 55 45 N 37 36 E
Time difference: UTC+3
Note: Russia has 11 time zones which includes two that were added in 2014

Administrative divisions: 46 provinces (oblastey singular - oblast) 21 republics (respublik singular - respublika) 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov singular - avtonomnyy okrug) 9 krays (krayev singular - kray) 2 federal cities (goroda singular - gorod) and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
Oblasts: Amur Arkhangel'sk Astrakhan' Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhniy Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Orel Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan' Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver' Tyumen' Ul'yanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl'
Republics: Adygeya Altay (Gorno-Altaysk) Bashkortostan (Ufa) Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude) Chechnya (Groznyy) Chuvashiya (Cheboksary) Dagestan (Makhachkala) Ingushetiya (Magas) Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik) Kalmykiya (Elista) Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk) Kareliya (Petrozavodsk) Khakasiya (Abakan) Komi (Syktyvkar) Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola) Mordoviya (Saransk) North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz) Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk) Tatarstan (Kazan') Tyva (Kyzyl) Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
Autonomous okrugs: Chukotka Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk) Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar) Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
Krays: Altay Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy) Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm' Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok) Stavropol' Zabaykal'sk (Chita)
Federal cities: Moscow [Moskva] Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
Autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish]
Note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers
Note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol nor their redesignation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol

Dependent areas

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)

National holiday: Russia Day 12 June (1990)

Constitution: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet eras); latest drafted 12 July 1993 adopted by referendum 12 December 1993 effective 25 December 1993; amended 2008 (2013)

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
Head of government: Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV ; First Deputy Premier Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Arkadiy Vladimirovich DVORKOVICH (since 21 May 2012) Olga Yuryevna GOLODETS (since 21 May 2012) Aleksandr Gennadiyevich KHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010) Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008) Dmitriy Olegovich ROGOZIN (since 23 December 2011) Sergey Eduardovich PRIKHODKO (since 22 May 2013) Yuriy Petrovich TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013)
Cabinet: the 'Government' is composed of the premier his deputies and ministers all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term ; election last held on 4 March 2012 (next to be held in March 2018); note - term length extended to 6 years from 4 years in late 2008 effective after the 2012 election; there is no vice president; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
Election results: Vladimir PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN 63.6% Gennadiy ZYUGANOV (CPRF) 17.2% Mikhail PROKHOROV(Civic Platform) 8% Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 6.2% Sergey MIRONOV (A Just Russia) 3.9% other 1.1%; Dmitriy MEDVEDEV (United Russia) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 299 to 144
Note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president drafts presidential decrees and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of February 2014 the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: State Duma - last held on 4 December 2011
Election results: State Duma - United Russia 49.6% CPRF 19.2% A Just Russia 13.2% LDPR 11.7% other 6.3%; seats by party - United Russia 238 CPRF 92 A Just Russia 64 LDPR 56
Note: the State Duma now includes 2 representatives each from the Republic of Crimea and Federal City of Sevastopol two annexed Ukrainian regions that the United States does not recognize as part of Russia

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court of the Russian Federation ; Constitutional Court (consists of 19 members); note - in February 2014 Russia’s Superior Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court which in addition to being the country’s highest judicial authority for appeals civil criminal administrative cases and military cases and the disciplinary judicial board now has jurisdiction over economic disputes
Judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council ; members of all 3 courts appointed for life
Subordinate courts: Higher Arbitration Court; regional and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 14 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions

Political parties and leaders:
Note: 78 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature

International organization participation: APEC Arctic Council ARF ASEAN (dialogue partner) BIS BRICS BSEC CBSS CD CE CERN (observer) CICA CIS CSTO EAEC EAPC EAS EBRD FAO FATF G-20 GCTU IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) LAIA (observer) MIGA MINURSO MONUSCO NEA NSG OAS (observer) OIC (observer) OPCW OSCE Paris Club PCA PFP SCO UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNISFA UNMIL UNMISS UNOCI UNSC (permanent) UNTSO UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey Ivanovich KISLYAK
In the us chancery: 2,650 Wisconsin Avenue NW Washington DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] 298-5,700 5,701 5,704 5,708
In the us FAX: [1] 298-5,735
In the us consulate general: Houston San Francisco
In the us consulate: New York Seattle
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador John Francis TEFFT
From the us embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8 121,099 Moscow
From the us mailing address: PSC-77 APO AE 9,721
From the us telephone: [7] 728-5,000
From the us FAX: [7] 728-5,090
From the us consulate general: Saint Petersburg Vladivostok Yekaterinburg

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top) blue and red
Note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements and so red blue and white became the Pan-Slav colors

National symbols: bear double-headed eagle; national colors: white blue red

National anthem
Name: 'Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii'
Lyrics and music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
Note: in 2000 Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union ; the lyrics also adopted in 2000 were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

National heritage


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Economy overview: Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union moving from a globally-isolated centrally-planned economy towards a more market-based and globally-integrated economy but stalling as a partially reformed statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia's manufacturing sector is generally uncompetitive on world markets and is geared toward domestic consumption. Russia's reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy which had averaged 7% growth during 1998-2008 as oil prices rose rapidly was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. In 2014 economic growth declined further when Russia forcibly violated Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and interfered in Ukraine’s internal affairs. In the second half of 2014 the Russian ruble lost about half of its value contributing to increased capital outflows that reached $151.5 billion for the year; the ruble remains volatile. Declining oil prices lack of economic reforms and the imposition of foreign sanctions have contributed to the downturn and created wide expectations the economy will continue to slump. In April 2015 the Russian Ministry of Economic Development predicted that the Russia’s economy will contract by 3% in 2015 and average only 2.5% growth through 2,030

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 7

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 196

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 69

Gross national saving:
Rank: 53

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 51.4%
Government consumption: 19.7%
Investment in fixed capital: 19.6%
Investment in inventories: 2.2%
Exports of goods and services: 29.7%
Imports of goods and services: -22.6%: (2014 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4%
Industry: 36.3%
Services: 59.7%

Agriculture products: grain sugar beets sunflower seeds vegetables fruits; beef milk

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal oil gas chemicals and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar missile production advanced electronic components) shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery tractors and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables textiles foodstuffs handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: 0.6% (2014 est.)
Rank: 159

Labor force: 75.25 million (2014 est.)
Rank: 8
By occupation agriculture: 9.7%
By occupation industry: 27.8%
By occupation services: 62.5%

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 46

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 11% (2013 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 5.7%
Highest 10: 42.4%

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 50

Budget
Revenues: $416.5 billion
Expenditures: $408.3 billion
Surplus or deficit: 0.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 32

Taxes and other revenues: 20.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
Rank: 161

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds such as for retirement medical care and unemployment debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Rank: 147

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 213

Central bank discount rate:
Note: this is the so-called refinancing rate but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes
Rank: 6

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 71

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 26

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 19

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 17

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 17

Current account balance:
Rank: 12

Exports:
Rank: 10
Commodities: petroleum and petroleum products natural gas metals wood and wood products chemicals and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Partners: Netherlands 13.7% China 7.5% Germany 7.5% Italy 7.2% Turkey 5% (2014)

Imports:
Rank: 19
Commodities: machinery vehicles pharmaceutical products plastic semi-finished metal products meat fruits and nuts optical and medical instruments iron steel
Partners: China 17.8% Germany 11.5% US 6.6% Italy 4.5% Belarus 4.1% (2014)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 7

Debt external:
Rank: 20

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 16

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 16

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Production: 1.054 trillion kWh (2013 est.)
Production rank: 4
Consumption: 1.037 trillion kWh (2013 est.)
Consumption rank: 4
Exports: 15.7 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 12
Imports: 2.7 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 53
Installed generating capacity: 239.7 million kW (2012 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 4
Generation sources fossil fuels: 69.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 110
Generation sources nuclear: 10.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 18
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 20.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 93
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 119

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 10.05 million bbl/day (31 September 2014 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 3
Crude oil exports: 4.625 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 2
Crude oil imports: 17,610 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 70
Crude oil proven reserves: 80 billion bbl (1 January 2014 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 8

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 4.812 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
Products production rank: 4
Products consumption: 3.32 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products consumption rank: 5
Products exports: 2.968 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products exports rank: 1
Products imports: 28,040 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products imports rank: 94

Natural gas
Production: 668 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Production rank: 2
Consumption: 413.5 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Consumption rank: 3
Exports: 196 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 1
Imports: 8.2 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 28
Proven reserves: 47.8 trillion m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 1

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 1.782 billion Mt (2012 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 5

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 39.43 million
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28
Fixed lines rank: 7
Mobile cellular total: 221 million
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 155
Mobile cellular rank: 7

Telephone system
General assessment: the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; more than 1000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved particularly in urban centers; progress made toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to more than 235 million in 2011; fixed-line service has improved but a large demand remains
Domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services both analog and digital are available in many areas; in rural areas telephone services are still outdated inadequate and low-density
International: country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat Intersputnik Eutelsat Inmarsat and Orbita systems

Broadcast media: 6 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in a third national channel; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth while the sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; roughly 3,300 national regional and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2007)

Internet
Country code: .ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain '.su' that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out
Users total: 84.4 million
Users percent of population: 59.3%
Users rank: 7

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 16

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 1-year service obligation (conscripts can only be sent to combat zones after 6 months of training); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16 cadets classified as members of the armed forces
Note: the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in May 2013 that for health reasons only 65% of draftees called up during the spring 2013 draft campaign were fit for military service and over 12% of these were sent for an additional medical examination ; approximately 50% of draft-age Russian males receive some type of legal deferment each draft cycle (2014)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 1218 (2013)
Rank: 5
With paved runways total: 594
With paved runways over 3047 m: 54
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 197
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 123
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 95
With paved runways under 914 m: 125
With unpaved runways total: 624
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 4
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 13
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 69
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 81
With unpaved runways: 457 (2013)

Heliports: 49 (2013)

Pipelines: condensate 122 km; gas 163,872 km; liquid petroleum gas 1378 km; oil 80,820 km; oil/gas/water 40 km; refined products 13,658 km; water 23 km (2013)

Railways
Total: 87,157 km
Broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge
Note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries
Rank: 2

Roadways
Total: 1,283,387 km
Paved: 927,721 km
Unpaved: 355,666 km
Rank: 5

Waterways: 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea White Sea Caspian Sea Sea of Azov and Black Sea) (2009)
Rank: 2

Merchant marine
Total: 1143
By type: bulk carrier 20 cargo 642 carrier 3 chemical tanker 57 combination ore/oil 42 container 13 passenger 15 passenger/cargo 7 petroleum tanker 244 refrigerated cargo 84 roll on/roll off 13 specialized tanker 3
Foreign owned: 155
Registered in other countries: 439 (2010)
Rank: 11

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Kaliningrad Nakhodka Novorossiysk Primorsk Vostochnyy
River port: Saint Petersburg
Oil terminal: Kavkaz oil terminal
Container port: Saint Petersburg (2,365,174)
LNG terminal: Sakhalin Island


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Disputes international: Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu Kunashiri Shikotan and the Habomai group known in Japan as the 'Northern Territories' and in Russia as the 'Southern Kurils' occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan Kazakhstan and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005 but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia while still conforming as an EU member state with an EU external border where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 383,323 asylum seekers and 911,549 applicants for other forms of legal stay (Ukraine) (2015)
IDPs: at least 25,378 (2014)
Stateless persons: 113,474 ; note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma Meskhetian Turks and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks followers of Islam with origins in Georgia fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants

Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates cannabis and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates