Statistical information United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges 2016
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges in the World
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Introduction 2016
top of pageBackground: All of the following US Pacific island territories except Midway Atoll constitute the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) Complex and as such are managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior. Midway Atoll NWR has been included in a Refuge Complex with the Hawaiian Islands NWR and also designated as part of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. These remote refuges are the most widespread collection of marine- and terrestrial-life protected areas on the planet under a single country's jurisdiction. They sustain many endemic species including corals fish shellfish marine mammals seabirds water birds land birds insects and vegetation not found elsewhere.
Baker Island: The US took possession of the island in 1857. Its guano deposits were mined by US and British companies during the second half of the 19th century. In 1935 a short-lived attempt at colonization began on this island but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. The island was established as a NWR in 1974.
Howland Island: Discovered by the US early in the 19th century the uninhabited atoll was officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British companies mined for guano deposits until about 1890. In 1935 a short-lived attempt at colonization began on this island similar to the effort on nearby Baker Island but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. The famed American aviatrix Amelia EARHART disappeared while seeking out Howland Island as a refueling stop during her 1937 round-the-world flight; Earhart Light a day beacon near the middle of the west coast was named in her memory. The island was established as a NWR in 1974.
Jarvis Island: First discovered by the British in 1821 the uninhabited island was annexed by the US in 1858 but abandoned in 1879 after tons of guano had been removed. The UK annexed the island in 1889 but never carried out plans for further exploitation. The US occupied and reclaimed the island in 1935. It was abandoned in 1942 during World War II. The island was established as a NWR in 1974.
Johnston Atoll: Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in 1858 but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934. Subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s. Until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction cleanup and closure of the facility were completed by May 2005. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the US Air Force are currently discussing future management options; in the interim Johnston Atoll and the three-mile Naval Defensive Sea around it remain under the jurisdiction and administrative control of the US Air Force.
Kingman Reef: The US annexed the reef in 1922. Its sheltered lagoon served as a way station for flying boats on Hawaii-to-American Samoa flights during the late 1930s. There are no terrestrial plants on the reef which is frequently awash but it does support abundant and diverse marine fauna and flora. In 2001 the waters surrounding the reef out to 12 nm were designated a NWR.
Midway Islands: The US took formal possession of the islands in 1867. The laying of the transpacific cable which passed through the islands brought the first residents in 1903. Between 1935 and 1947 Midway was used as a refueling stop for transpacific flights. The US naval victory over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 was one of the turning points of World War II. The islands continued to serve as a naval station until closed in 1993. Today the islands are a NWR and are the site of the world's largest Laysan albatross colony.
Palmyra Atoll: The Kingdom of Hawaii claimed the atoll in 1862 and the US included it among the Hawaiian Islands when it annexed the archipelago in 1898. The Hawaii Statehood Act of 1959 did not include Palmyra Atoll which is now partly privately owned by the Nature Conservancy with the rest owned by the Federal government and managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. These organizations are managing the atoll as a wildlife refuge. The lagoons and surrounding waters within the 12-nm US territorial seas were transferred to the US Fish and Wildlife Service and designated a NWR in January 2001.
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Geography 2016
top of pageLocation: Oceania
Baker Island: atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1830 nm southwest of Honolulu about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
Howland Island: island in the North Pacific Ocean 1815 nm southwest of Honolulu about halfway between Hawaii and Australia
Jarvis Island: island in the South Pacific Ocean 1305 nm south of Honolulu about halfway between Hawaii and Cook Islands
Johnston Atoll: atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 nm southwest of Honolulu about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands
Kingman Reef: reef in the North Pacific Ocean 930 nm south of Honolulu about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa
Midway Islands: atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 1260 nm northwest of Honolulu near the end of the Hawaiian Archipelago about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo
Palmyra Atoll: atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 960 nm south of Honolulu about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa
Geographic coordinates
Baker Island: 0 13 N 176 28 W
Howland Island: 0 48 N 176 38 W
Jarvis Island: 0 23 S 160 01 W
Johnston Atoll: 16 45 N 169 31 W
Kingman Reef: 6 23 N 162 25 W
Midway Islands: 28 12 N 177 22 W
Palmyra Atoll: 5 53 N 162 05 W
Map reference: Oceania
Area
Total: total - 6,959 km²; emergent land - 22.41 km²; submerged - 6,937 km²
Baker Island: total - 129.1 km²; emergent land - 2.1 km²; submerged - 127 km²
Howland Island: total - 138.6 km²; emergent land - 2.6 km²; submerged - 136 km²
Jarvis Island: total - 152 km²; emergent land - 5 km²; submerged - 147 km²
Johnston Atoll: total - 276.6 km²; emergent land - 2.6 km²; submerged - 274 km²
Kingman Reef: total - 1958.01 km²; emergent land - 0.01 km²; submerged - 1958 km²
Midway Islands: total - 2,355 km²; emergent land - 6.2 km²; submerged - 2,349 km²
Palmyra Atoll: total - 1949.9 km²; emergent land - 3.9 km²; submerged - 1946 km²
Rank: 239
Comparative Baker Island: about 2.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Howland Island: about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Jarvis Island: about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Johnston Atoll: about 4.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Kingman Reef: a little more than 1.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Midway Islands: about nine times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Comparative Palmyra Atoll: about 20 times the size of the National Mall in Washington DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Johnston Atoll: 34 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate
Baker Howland and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall constant wind burning sun
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Midway Islands: subtropical with cool moist winters and warm dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year
Terrain: low and nearly flat sandy coral islands with narrow fringing reefs that have developed at the top of submerged volcanic mountains which in most cases rise steeply from the ocean floor
Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Baker Island unnamed location - 8 m; Howland Island unnamed location - 3 m; Jarvis Island unnamed location - 7 m; Johnston Atoll Sand Island - 10 m; Kingman Reef unnamed location - less than 2 m; Midway Islands unnamed location - 13 m; Palmyra Atoll unnamed location - 3 m
Natural resources: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Land use
Land use
Agricultural land: 0%
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pasture: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pasture: 0%
Forest: 0%
Other: 100%
Irrigated land
Major rivers
Major watersheds area km²
Total water withdrawal
Total renewable water resources
Natural hazards
Baker Howland and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard
Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
Midway Islands Johnston and Palmyra Atolls: NA
Geography
Note Baker Howland and Jarvis Islands: scattered vegetation consisting of grasses prostrate vines and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting roosting and foraging habitat for seabirds shorebirds and marine wildlife; closed to the public
Note Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public
Note Kingman Reef: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public
Note Midway Islands: a coral atoll managed as a National Wildlife Refuge and open to the public for wildlife-related recreation in the form of wildlife observation and photography
Note Palmyra Atoll: the high rainfall and resulting lush vegetation make the environment of this atoll unique among the US Pacific Island territories; supports a large undisturbed stand of Pisonia beach forest
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - People 2016
top of pagePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants
Note: public entry is only by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service
Johnston Atoll: in previous years an average of 1100 US military and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005 all US Government personnel had left the island
Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll
Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy US Fish and Wildlife staff and researchers
Nationality
Ethnic groups
Languages
Religions
Demographic profile
Age structure
Age structure
Dependency ratios
Median age
Population growth rate
Birth rate
Death rate
Net migration rate
Population distribution
Urbanization
Major urban areas
Environment
Current issues Baker Howland and Jarvis Islands and Johnston Atoll: no natural freshwater resources
Current issues Kingman Reef: none
Current issues Midway Islands and Palmyra Atoll: NA
Air pollutants
Sex ratio
Mothers mean age at first birth
Maternal mortality ratio
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth
Total fertility rate
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Drinking water source
Current health expenditure
Physicians density
Hospital bed density
Sanitation facility access
Hiv/Aids
Major infectious diseases
Obesity adult prevalence rate
Alcohol consumption
Tobacco use
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
Education expenditures
Literacy
School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Youth unemployment
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Government 2016
top of pageCountry name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Baker Island; Howland Island; Jarvis Island; Johnston Atoll; Kingman Reef; Midway Islands; Palmyra Atoll
Government type
Capital
Administrative divisions
Dependent areas
Independence
National holiday
Constitution
Legal system: the laws of the US where applicable apply
International law organization participation
Citizenship
Suffrage
Executive branch
Legislative branch
Judicial branch
Political parties and leaders
International organization participation
Diplomatic representation
From the us: none (territories of the US)
Flag description: the flag of the US is used
National symbols
National anthem
National heritage
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Economy 2016
top of pageEconomy overview: no economic activity
Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real gdp growth rate
Real gdp per capita
Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Gdp composition by end use
Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture products
Industries
Industrial production growth rate
Labor force
Labor force
Unemployment rate
Youth unemployment
Population below poverty line
Gini index
Household income or consumption by percentage share
Distribution of family income gini index
Budget
Taxes and other revenues
Public debt
Revenue
Fiscal year
Inflation rate consumer prices
Central bank discount rate
Commercial bank prime lending rate
Stock of narrow money
Stock of broad money
Stock of domestic credit
Market value of publicly traded shares
Current account balance
Exports
Imports
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Debt external
Stock of direct foreign investment at home
Stock of direct foreign investment abroad
Exchange rates
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Energy 2016
top of pageElectricity
Coal
Petroleum
Crude oil
Refined petroleum
Natural gas
Carbon dioxide emissions
Energy consumption per capita
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Communication 2016
top of pageTelephones
Telephone system
Broadcast media
Internet
Broadband fixed subscriptions
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Military 2016
top of pageMilitary expenditures
Military and security forces
Military service age and obligation
Space program
Terrorist groups
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Transportation 2016
top of pageNational air transport system
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
Airports
Baker Island: one abandoned World War II runway of 1665 m covered with vegetation and unusable
Howland Island: airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the round-the-world flight of Amelia EARHART and Fred NOONAN; the aviators left Lae New Guinea for Howland Island but were never seen again; the airstrip is no longer serviceable
Johnston Atoll: one closed and not maintained
Kingman Reef: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
Midway Islands: 3 - one operational ; no fuel for sale except emergencies
Palmyra Atoll: 1 - 1846 m unpaved runway; privately owned
Heliports
Pipelines
Railways
Roadways
Waterways
Merchant marine
Ports and terminals
Baker Howland and Jarvis Islands and Kingman Reef: none; offshore anchorage only
Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island
Midway Islands: Sand Island
Palmyra Atoll: West Lagoon
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges - Transnational issues 2016
top of pageDisputes international: none
Refugees and internally displaced persons
Illicit drugs
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