Map of Hungary | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956 a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968 Hungary began liberalizing its economy introducing so-called 'Goulash Communism.' Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.


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Location: Central Europe northwest of Romania

Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N 20 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 93,028 km²
Land: 89,608 km²
Water: 3,420 km²
Rank: 111
Comparative: slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana

Land boundaries
Total: 2,106 km
Border countries: (7) Austria 321 km; Croatia 348 km; Romania 424 km; Serbia 164 km; Slovakia 627 km; Slovenia 94 km; Ukraine 128 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; cold cloudy humid winters; warm summers

Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Elevation
Mean elevation: 143 m
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Tisza River 78 m: highest point: Kekes 1014 m

Natural resources: bauxite coal natural gas fertile soils arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 58.9%
Forest: 22.5%
Other: 18.6%

Irrigated land: 1721 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 9,850,845 (July 2017 est.)
Rank: 92
Growth rate: -0.25% (2017 est.)
Growth rate rank: 215
Below poverty line: 14.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Hungarian
Adjective: Hungarian

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 85.6% Romani 3.2% German 1.9% other 2.6% unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population

Languages: Hungarian (official) 99.6% English 16% German 11.2% Russian 1.6% Romanian 1.3% French 1.2% other 4.2%
Note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers

Religions: Roman Catholic 37.2% Calvinist 11.6% Lutheran 2.2% Greek Catholic 1.8% other 1.9% none 18.2% unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.71%
15-24 years: 10.96%
25-54 years: 41.88%
55-64 years: 13.4%
65 years and over: 19.05% (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46.9
Youth dependency ratio: 21.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.7
Potential support ratio: 3.9

Median age
Total: 42.3 years
Male: 40.4 years
Female: 44.3 years
Rank: 31

Population growth rate: -0.25% (2017 est.)
Rank: 215

Birth rate: 9 births/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 205

Death rate: 12.8 deaths/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 16

Net migration rate: 1.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 55

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 72.1% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 0.36% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: BUDAPEST (capital) 1.714 million (2015)

Environment
Current issues: the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management energy efficiency and air soil and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Air Pollution-Sulfur 85 Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds Antarctic Treaty Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Wetlands Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male/female
Total population: 0.91 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.3 years (2014 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.9 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 5.2 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.6 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 177

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.1 years
Male: 72.4 years
Female: 80 years
Rank: 91

Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (2017 est.)
Rank: 204

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source:

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 3.32 physicians/1000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 7.2 beds/1000 population (2011)

Sanitation facility access:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: NA
People living with hivaids: NA
Deaths: NA

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate
Vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.4% (2016)
Rank: 42

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 4.2% of GDP (2013)
Rank: 81

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.1%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 99%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 16 years

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Hungary
Local long form: none
Local short form: Magyarorszag
Etymology: the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the 'Oungroi' a name that was later Latinized to 'Ungri' and which became 'Hungari'; the name originally meant an '[alliance of] ten tribes'; the Hungarian name 'Magyarorszag' means 'Country of the Magyars'; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes the Megyer

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Budapest
Geographic coordinates: 47 30 N 19 05 E
Time difference: UTC+1
Daylight saving time: +1hr begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek singular - megye) 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok singular - megyei jogu varos) and 1 capital city (fovaros)
Counties: Bacs-Kiskun Baranya Bekes Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen Csongrad Fejer Gyor-Moson-Sopron Hajdu-Bihar Heves Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok Komarom-Esztergom Nograd Pest Somogy Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg Tolna Vas Veszprem Zala
Cities with county rights: Bekescsaba Debrecen Dunaujvaros Eger Erd Gyor Hodmezovasarhely Kaposvar Kecskemet Miskolc Nagykanizsa Nyiregyhaza Pecs Salgotarjan Sopron Szeged Szekesfehervar Szekszard Szolnok Szombathely Tatabanya Veszprem Zalaegerszeg
Capital city: Budapest

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

National holiday: Saint Stephen's Day 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his cannonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083

Constitution
History: previous 1949 ; latest approved 18 April 2011 signed 25 April 2011 effective 1 January 2012
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic by the government by parliamentary committee or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times last in 2013

Legal system: civil legal system influenced by the German model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age 16 if married and marriage registered in Hungary; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Janos ADER
Head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term ; election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held by spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
Election results: Janos ADER reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules
Elections: last held on 6 April 2014
Election results: percent of vote by party - Fidesz-KDNP 66.8% Unity 19.1% Jobbik 11.6% LMP 2.5%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 133 Unity 38 Jobbik 23 LMP 5

Judicial branch
Highest court: Curia or Supreme Judicial Court
Judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement age; Constitutional Court judges elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve single renewable 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts ; 20 administrative and labor courts; 111 district or local courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: Australia Group BIS CD CE CEI CERN EAPC EBRD ECB EIB ESA (cooperating state) EU FAO G-9 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICCt ICRM IDA IEA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) MIGA MINURSO NATO NEA NSG OAS (observer) OECD OIF (observer) OPCW OSCE PCA Schengen Convention SELEC UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNFICYP UNHCR UNIDO UNIFIL UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Laszlo SZABO
In the us chancery: 3,910 Shoemaker Street NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] 362-6,730
In the us FAX: [1] 966-8,135
In the us consulate general: Los Angeles New York
In the us consulate: Boston
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador ; Charge d’Affaires David KOSTELANCIK (since 20 January 2017)
From the us embassy: Szabadsag ter 12 H-1054 Budapest
From the us mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest 5,270 Budapest Place US Department of State Washington DC 20,521-5,270
From the us telephone: [36] 475-4,400
From the us FAX: [36] 475-4,248

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top) white and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength white for faithfulness and green for hope; alternatively the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land white for freedom and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

National symbols: Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red white green

National anthem
Name: 'Himnusz'
Lyrics and music: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL
Note: adopted 1844

National heritage


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Economy overview:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 61

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 137

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 69

Gross national saving:
Rank: 58

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 50.4%
Government consumption: 20.2%
Investment in fixed capital: 17.9%
Investment in inventories: 1.1%
Exports of goods and services: 92.6%
Imports of goods and services: -82.3%

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.5%
Industry: 30.4%
Services: 65.1%

Agriculture products: wheat corn sunflower seed potatoes sugar beets; pigs cattle poultry dairy products

Industries: mining metallurgy construction materials processed foods textiles chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals) motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate: -1.8% (2016 est.)
Rank: 176

Labor force: 4.586 million (2016 est.)
Rank: 89
By occupation agriculture: 4.9%
By occupation industry: 30.3%
By occupation services: 64.5%

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 69

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 14.9% (2015 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.3%
Highest 10: 22.4%

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 133

Budget
Revenues: $56.73 billion
Expenditures: $59.03 billion
Surplus or deficit: -1.8% of GDP
Surplus or deficit note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012 the EU lifted the freeze recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening
Surplus or deficit rank: 82

Taxes and other revenues: 45.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Rank: 22

Public debt:
Note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives and government state government local government and social security funds.
Rank: 44

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 63

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 129

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 176

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 50

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 61

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 60

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 64

Current account balance:
Rank: 25

Exports:
Rank: 36
Commodities: machinery and equipment 53.4% other manufactures 31.2% food products 8.4% raw materials 3.4% fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)
Partners: Germany 28.2% Romania 5.2% Slovakia 5% Austria 4.9% France 4.8% Italy 4.8% Czech Republic 4.2% Poland 4.2% (2016)

Imports:
Rank: 36
Commodities: machinery and equipment 45.4% other manufactures 34.3% fuels and electricity 12.6% food products 5.3% raw materials 2.5% (2012)
Partners: Germany 26.3% Austria 6.4% China 6.3% Poland 5.5% Slovakia 5.3% Netherlands 4.9% Czech Republic 4.9% France 4.8% Italy 4.8% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 52

Debt external:
Rank: 44

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 22

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 25

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100%
Production: 28.67 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Production rank: 66
Consumption: 38.66 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 58
Exports: 5.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 35
Imports: 17.95 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 13
Installed generating capacity: 8.468 million kW (2015 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 68
Generation sources fossil fuels: 64.5% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 115
Generation sources nuclear: 22.3% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 7
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 148
Generation sources other renewable sources: 14.1% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 52

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 13,830 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 77
Crude oil exports: 1042 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 72
Crude oil imports: 120,400 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 41
Crude oil proven reserves: 25.1 million bbl (1 January 2017 es)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 85

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 156,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products production rank: 58
Products consumption: 157,200 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 67
Products exports: 50,510 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports rank: 53
Products imports: 67,860 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products imports rank: 70

Natural gas
Production: 1.772 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Production rank: 60
Consumption: 17.14 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 47
Exports: 545 million m³ (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 42
Imports: 6.79 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Imports rank: 31
Proven reserves: 7.702 billion m³ (1 January 2017 es)
Proven reserves rank: 87

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 44.2 million Mt (2015 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 64

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 3,119,735
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32
Fixed lines rank: 49
Mobile cellular total: 11,779,908
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119
Mobile cellular rank: 78

Telephone system
General assessment: modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay
Domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections
International: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat 1 Inmarsat 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals (2015)

Broadcast media: mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial public service nonprofit and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media (2016)

Internet
Country code: .hu
Users total: 7,826,695
Users percent of population: 79.3%
Users rank: 50

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 113

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 5
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 75
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 20,042,185
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: HA (2016)

Airports: 41 (2013)
Rank: 104
With paved runways total: 20
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 6
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 6
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With paved runways under 914 m: 1
With unpaved runways total: 21
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 8
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11

Heliports: 3 (2013)

Pipelines: gas (high-pressure transmission system) 5,873 km; gas (low-pressure distribution network) 83,619 km (2015); oil 850 km; refined products 1200 km (2016)

Railways
Total: 8,049 km
Broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
Standard gauge: 7,794 km 1.435-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge
Rank: 28

Roadways
Total: 203,601 km
Paved: 77,087 km
Unpaved: 126,514 km
Rank: 26

Waterways: 1622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)
Rank: 47

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River port: Baja Csepel Dunaujvaros Gyor-Gonyu Mohacs (Danube)


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Disputes international: bilateral government legal technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
Stateless persons: 135
Note: 432,282 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals ; Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts fewer than 600 migrants and asylum seekers as of September 2017

Illicit drugs
Rank: li>a href='../rankorder/rankorderguide.html'>Guide to Country Comparisons: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy