Map of Montenegro | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852 it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992 Montenegro federated with Serbia creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and after 2003 shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006 Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006.


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Location: Southeastern Europe between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N 19 18 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 13,812 km²
Land: 13,452 km²
Water: 360 km²
Rank: 162
Comparative: slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries
Total: 680 km
Border countries: (5) Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km

Coastline: 293.5 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: defined by treaty

Climate: Mediterranean climate hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Terrain: highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Elevation
Mean elevation: 1086 m
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m: highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Natural resources: bauxite hydroelectricity

Land use
Agricultural land: 38.2%
Forest: 40.4%
Other: 21.4%

Irrigated land: 24 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: strategic location along the Adriatic coast


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Population
Distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area: 642,550 (July 2017 est.)
Rank: 168
Growth rate: -0.28% (2017 est.)
Growth rate rank: 217
Below poverty line: 8.6% (2013 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Montenegrin
Adjective: Montenegrin

Ethnic groups: Montenegrin 45% Serbian 28.7% Bosniak 8.7% Albanian 4.9% Muslim 3.3% Romani 1% Croat 1% other 2.6% unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Languages: Serbian 42.9% Montenegrin (official) 37% Bosnian 5.3% Albanian 5.3% Serbo-Croat 2% other 3.5% unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

Religions: Orthodox 72.1% Muslim 19.1% Catholic 3.4% atheist 1.2% other 1.5% unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.1%
15-24 years: 9.58%
25-54 years: 46.59%
55-64 years: 13.58%
65 years and over: 15.14% (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.8
Youth dependency ratio: 27.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 20.5
Potential support ratio: 4.9

Median age
Total: 40.7 years
Male: 39.9 years
Female: 41.8 years
Rank: 48

Population growth rate: -0.28% (2017 est.)
Rank: 217

Birth rate: 10 births/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 194

Death rate: 9.7 deaths/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 47

Net migration rate

Population distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Urbanization
Urban population: 64.4% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 0.25% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: PODGORICA (capital) 165,000 (2014)

Environment
Current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Marine Life Conservation Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
0-14 years: 0.97 male/female
15-24 years: 0.83 male/female
25-54 years: 1.17 male/female
55-64 years: 1 male/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male/female
Total population: 0.99 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.3 years (2010 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy at birth

Total fertility rate

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 23.3% (2013)

Drinking water source:

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 2.34 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 4 beds/1000 population (2011)

Sanitation facility access:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2016 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 105
People living with hivaids: 500 (2016 est.)
Deaths: 100 (2016 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vectorborne disease: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.3% (2016)
Rank: 66

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1% (2013)
Rank: 133

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.7%
Male: 99.5%
Female: 98%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Montenegro
Local long form: none
Local short form: Crna Gora
Former: People's Republic of Montenegro Socialist Republic of Montenegro Republic of Montenegro
Etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means 'black mountain' and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of 'Old Royal Capital'
Geographic coordinates: 42 26 N 19 16 E
Time difference: UTC+1
Daylight saving time: +1 hr begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions: 23 municipalities (opstine singular - opstina); Andrijevica Bar Berane Bijelo Polje Budva Cetinje Danilovgrad Gusinje Herceg Novi Kolasin Kotor Mojkovac Niksic Petnijica Plav Pljevlja Pluzine Podgorica Rozaje Savnik Tivat Ulcinj Zabljak

Dependent areas

Independence: 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)

National holiday: National Day 13 July (1878 the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world and 1941 the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro by the government or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles such as sovereignty state symbols citizenship and constitutional change procedures require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013 2014

Legal system: civil law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC
Head of government: Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC ; note - Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC resigned 26 October 2016
Cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term ; election last held on 7 April 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister nominated by the president approved by the Assembly
Election results: Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Filip VUJANOVIC 51.2% Miodrag LEKIC (independent) 48.8%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina
Elections: last held on 16 October 2016
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4% DF 20.3% Key Coalition 11.1% DCG 10.0% SDP 5.2% SD 3.3% BS 3.2% Albanians Decisively 1.3% HGI .5% other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36 DF 18 Key Coalition 9 DCG 8 SDP 4 SD 2 BS 2 Albanians Decisively 1 HGI 1

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud ; Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council a 9-member body consisting of judges lawyers designated by the Assembly and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for 3 years other judges 9 years
Subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: CE CEI EAPC EBRD FAO IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (NGOs) ICCt ICRM IDA IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO (correspondent) ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) MIGA OAS (observer) OIF (observer) OPCW OSCE PCA PFP SELEC UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNWTO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC
In the us chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW Washington DC 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] 234-6,108
In the us FAX: [1] 234-6,109
In the us consulate general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret UYEHARA
From the us embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2 81,000 Podgorica Montenegro
From the us mailing address: use embassy street address
From the us telephone: [382] 20 410 500
From the us FAX: [382] 20 241 358

Flag description: a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

National symbols: double-headed eagle; national colors: red gold

National anthem
Name: 'Oj svijetla majska zoro'
Lyrics and music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
Note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

National heritage


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Economy overview:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 158

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 117

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 101

Gross national saving:
Rank: 166

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 81.8%
Government consumption: 21.2%
Investment in fixed capital: 19.5%
Investment in inventories: -0.1%
Exports of goods and services: 42.1%
Imports of goods and services: -64.5%

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 8.3%
Industry: 21.2%
Services: 70.5%

Agriculture products: tobacco potatoes citrus fruits olives grapes; sheep

Industries: steelmaking aluminum agricultural processing consumer goods tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.5% (2013 est.)
Rank: 52

Labor force: 263,200 (2014 est.)
Rank: 168
By occupation agriculture: 5.3%
By occupation industry: 17.9%
By occupation services: 76.8%

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 178

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 8.6% (2013 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 142

Budget
Revenues: $1.535 billion
Expenditures: $1.848 billion
Surplus or deficit: -7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 189

Taxes and other revenues: 36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Rank: 50

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds such as for retirement medical care and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Rank: 50

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 33

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 89

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 160

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 154

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 140

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 76

Current account balance:
Rank: 114

Exports:
Rank: 179

Imports:
Rank: 161

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $599.6 million (31 December 2014 est.)
Rank: 136

Debt external:
Rank: 155

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 123

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $133 million (31 December 2014 est.)
Rank: 102

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100%
Production: 2.897 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Production rank: 133
Consumption: 2.834 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 137
Exports: 517 million kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 68
Imports: 1.04 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Imports rank: 69
Installed generating capacity: 887,000 kW (2015 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 131
Generation sources fossil fuels: 24.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 190
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 139
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 75.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 17
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 197

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 168
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 161
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 159
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2017 es)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 166

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products production rank: 172
Products consumption: 6,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption rank: 170
Products exports: 257.1 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products exports rank: 118
Products imports: 6,244 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products imports rank: 157

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2013 est.)
Production rank: 167
Consumption: 0 m³ (2013 est.)
Consumption rank: 207
Exports: 0 m³ (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 147
Imports: 0 m³ (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 154
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014)
Proven reserves rank: 170

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 18 million Mt (2013 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 85

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 148,015
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23
Fixed lines rank: 135
Mobile cellular total: 1,040,747
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 161
Mobile cellular rank: 158

Telephone system
General assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites
Domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service available through multiple providers with national coverage is growing
International: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

Broadcast media: state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks 1 satellite TV channel and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and over 20 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations and more than 50 private radio stations (2017)

Internet
Country code: .me
Users total: 450,442
Users percent of population: 69.9%
Users rank: 136

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 46

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 526,980
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4O (2016)

Airports: 5 (2013)
Rank: 181
With paved runways total: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With paved runways under 914 m: 1

Heliports: 1 (2012)

Pipelines

Railways
Total: 250 km
Standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
Rank: 126

Roadways
Total: 7,762 km
Paved: 7,141 km
Unpaved: 621 km
Rank: 143

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 2
By type: cargo 1 passenger/cargo 1
Registered in other countries: 4 (2010)
Rank: 147

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Bar


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Disputes international: none

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Rank: li>a href='../rankorder/rankorderguide.html'>Guide to Country Comparisons
Stateless persons: 3,237

Illicit drugs