Map of Pakistan | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Indus Valley civilization one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C. remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians Greeks Scythians Arabs (who brought Islam) Afghans and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48 1965 and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998. India-Pakistan relations improved in the mid-2000s but have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks and have been further strained by attacks in India by militants suspected of being based in Pakistan. Nawaz SHARIF took office as prime minister in 2013 marking the first time in Pakistani history that a democratically elected government completed a full term and transitioned to a successive democratically elected government. Pakistan has been engaged in a decades-long armed conflict with militant groups that target government institutions and civilians including the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other militant networks.


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Location: Southern Asia bordering the Arabian Sea between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Geographic coordinates: 30 00 N 70 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 796,095 km²
Land: 770,875 km²
Water: 25,220 km²
Rank: 37
Comparative: slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries
Total: 7,257 km
Border countries: (4) Afghanistan 2,670 km; China 438 km; India 3,190 km; Iran 959 km

Coastline: 1046 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: mostly hot dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Terrain: divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands the Indus River plain in the center and east and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west

Elevation
Mean elevation: 900 m
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m: highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Natural resources: arable land: extensive natural gas reserves limited petroleum poor quality coal iron ore copper salt limestone

Land use
Agricultural land: 35.2%
Forest: 2.1%
Other: 62.7%

Irrigated land: 202,000 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Geography
Note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent


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Population
Distribution: the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement with Punjab province the most densely populated: 204,924,861 (July 2017 est.)
Note: provisional results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate the country's total population to be 207,774,000
Rank: 6
Growth rate: 1.43% (2017 est.)
Growth rate rank: 81
Below poverty line: 29.5% (FY2013 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Pakistani
Adjective: Pakistani

Ethnic groups: Punjabi 44.7% Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4% Sindhi 14.1% Sariaki 8.4% Muhajirs 7.6% Balochi 3.6% other 6.3%

Languages: Punjabi 48% Sindhi 12% Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10% Pashto (alternate name Pashtu) 8% Urdu (official) 8% Balochi 3% Hindko 2% Brahui 1% English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries) Burushaski and other 8%

Religions: Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90% Shia 10-15%) other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 31.36%
15-24 years: 21.14%
25-54 years: 37.45%
55-64 years: 5.57%
65 years and over: 4.48% (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 65.3
Youth dependency ratio: 57.9
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.4
Potential support ratio: 13.5

Median age
Total: 23.8 years
Male: 23.7 years
Female: 23.8 years
Rank: 167

Population growth rate: 1.43% (2017 est.)
Rank: 81

Birth rate: 21.9 births/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 74

Death rate: 6.3 deaths/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 150

Net migration rate: -1.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 147

Population distribution: the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement with Punjab province the most densely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 39.7% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: Karachi 16.618 million; Lahore 8.741 million; Faisalabad 3.567 million; Rawalpindi 2.506 million; Multan 1.921 million; ISLAMABAD (capital) 1.365 million (2015)

Environment
Current issues: water pollution from raw sewage industrial wastes and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male/female
25-54 years: 1.08 male/female
55-64 years: 1.01 male/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male/female
Total population: 1.06 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth: 23.4 years
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 52.1 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 55.2 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 48.8 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 25

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 68.1 years
Male: 66.1 years
Female: 70.1 years
Rank: 168

Total fertility rate: 2.62 children born/woman (2017 est.)
Rank: 75

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 35.4% (2012/13)

Drinking water source:

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 0.81 physicians/1000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 0.6 beds/1000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access:

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2016 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 107
People living with hivaids: 130,000 (2016 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 35
Deaths: 5,500 (2016 est.)
Deaths rank: 29

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea hepatitis A and E and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Animal contact disease: rabies

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 8.6% (2016)
Rank: 150

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 31.6% (2012)
Rank: 11

Education expenditures: 2.7% of GDP (2015)
Rank: 164

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 57.9%
Male: 69.5%
Female: 45.8%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 8 years
Male: 9 years
Female: 7 years

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Conventional short form: Pakistan
Local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan
Local short form: Pakistan
Former: West Pakistan
Etymology: the word 'pak' means 'pure' in Persian or Pashto while the Persian suffix '-stan' means 'place of' or 'country' so the word Pakistan literally means 'Land of the Pure'

Government type: federal parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Islamabad
Geographic coordinates: 33 41 N 73 03 E
Time difference: UTC+5

Administrative divisions: 4 provinces 1 territory* and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas* Islamabad Capital Territory** Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province) Punjab Sindh
Note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of 2 administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

Dependent areas

Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India)

National holiday: Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day) 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session which called for the creation of independent Muslim states and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Constitution
History: several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973 passed 19 April 1973 entered into force 14 August 1973
Amendments: proposed by the Senate or by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership of both houses; amended many times last in 2015

Legal system: common law system with Islamic law influence

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent: at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan
Dual citizenship recognized: yes but limited to select countries
Residency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Mamnoon HUSSAIN
Head of government: Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan ABBASI ; Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF resigned 7/28/17
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister
Electionsappointments: president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate National Assembly and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term ; election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister elected by the National Assembly
Election results: Mamnoon HUSSAIN elected president; Mamnoon HUSSAIN 432 votes Wajihuddin AHMED (PTI) 77 votes

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 ; National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018)
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27 PML-N 26 MQM 8 ANP 6 PTI 7 JUI-F 5 PML-Q 4 BNP-A 2 NP 1 PML-F 1 other 7 independent 10; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML-N 126 PPPP 31 PTI 28 MQM 18 JUI-F 10 PML-F 5 other 22 independent 25 unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of July 2016 - PML-N 188 PPPP 46 PTI 33 MQM 24 JUI-F 13 PML-F 5 other 21 independent 12

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court of Pakistan
Judge selection and term of office: justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65
Subordinate courts: High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues such as taxation banking customs etc.

Political parties and leaders:
Note: political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently

International organization participation: ADB ARF ASEAN (dialogue partner) C CICA CP D-8 ECO FAO G-11 G-24 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) MIGA MINURSO MONUSCO NAM OAS (observer) OIC OPCW PCA SAARC SACEP SCO (observer) UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNMIL UNOCI UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Aizaz Ahmad CHAUDHRY
In the us chancery: 3,517 International Court NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] 243-6,500
In the us FAX: [1] 686-1534
In the us consulate general: Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York
In the us consulate: Louisville San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David M. HALE
From the us embassy: Diplomatic Enclave Ramna 5 Islamabad
From the us mailing address: 8,100 Islamabad Place Washington DC 20,521-8,100
From the us telephone: [92] 208-0000/[92] (51) 201-4,000
From the us FAX: [92] 233-8,071
From the us consulate general: Karachi Lahore
From the us consulate: Peshawar

Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent star and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

National symbols: star and crescent jasmine; national colors: green white

National anthem
Name: 'Qaumi Tarana'
Lyrics and music: Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA
Note: adopted 1954; also known as 'Pak sarzamin shad bad'

National heritage


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Economy overview:

Real gdp purchasing power parity: data are for fiscal years
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 26

Real gdp growth rate:
Note: data are for fiscal years
Rank: 44

Real gdp per capita: data are for fiscal years
Note: data are in 2016 dollars
Rank: 171

Gross national saving:
Note: data are for fiscal years
Rank: 140

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 80%
Government consumption: 11.3%
Investment in fixed capital: 14%
Investment in inventories: 1.6%
Exports of goods and services: 9.1%
Imports of goods and services: -16%

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 24.6%
Industry: 19.4%
Services: 56%

Agriculture products: cotton wheat rice sugarcane fruits vegetables; milk beef mutton eggs

Industries: textiles and apparel food processing pharmaceuticals surgical instruments construction materials paper products fertilizer shrimp

Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (2016 est.)
Rank: 38

Labor force: 62.54 million
Note: extensive export of labor mostly to the Middle East and use of child labor
Rank: 10
By occupation agriculture: 42.3%
By occupation industry: 22.6%
By occupation services: 35.1%

Unemployment rate:
Note: substantial underemployment exists
Rank: 83

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 29.5% (FY2013 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 4%
Highest 10: 26.1%

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 123

Budget
Revenues: $42.45 billion
Expenditures: $55.32 billion
Note: data are for fiscal years
Surplus or deficit: -4.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 149

Taxes and other revenues: 14.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
Rank: 190

Public debt:
Rank: 73

Revenue

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 160

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 71

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 116

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 36

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 52

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 50

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 56

Current account balance:
Rank: 174

Exports:
Rank: 68
Commodities: textiles (garments bed linen cotton cloth yarn) rice leather goods sporting goods chemicals manufactures surgical instruments carpets and rugs
Partners: US 16.3% China 7.6% UK 7.4% Afghanistan 6.5% Germany 5.7% (2016)

Imports:
Rank: 53
Commodities: petroleum petroleum products machinery plastics transportation equipment edible oils paper and paperboard iron and steel tea
Partners: China 29.1% UAE 13.2% Indonesia 4.4% US 4.3% Japan 4.2% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 61

Debt external:
Rank: 58

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 61

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 81

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: 49,500,000
Access electrification total population: 73%
Access electrification urban areas: 91%
Access electrification rural areas: 62%
Production: 104.5 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Production rank: 34
Consumption: 85.9 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 35
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 183
Imports: 452 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 83
Installed generating capacity: 22.83 million kW (2015 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 38
Generation sources fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 124
Generation sources nuclear: 3% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 26
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 31.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 68
Generation sources other renewable sources: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 91

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 85,500 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 46
Crude oil exports: 493.2 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 76
Crude oil imports: 166,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 33
Crude oil proven reserves: 350.6 million bbl (1 January 2017 es)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 55

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 259,500 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products production rank: 46
Products consumption: 517,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption rank: 34
Products exports: 20,720 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products exports rank: 71
Products imports: 247,300 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products imports rank: 29

Natural gas
Production: 39.3 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Production rank: 23
Consumption: 48.06 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Consumption rank: 23
Exports: 0 m³ (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 166
Imports: 1.37 billion m³ (2015 est.)
Imports rank: 55
Proven reserves: 542.5 billion m³ (1 January 2017 es)
Proven reserves rank: 32

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 145 million Mt (2013 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 33

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 3,067,911
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2
Fixed lines rank: 31
Mobile cellular total: 136,489,014
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 68
Mobile cellular rank: 11

Telephone system
General assessment: the telecommunications infrastructure is improving with investments in mobile-cellular networks increasing but fixed-line subscriptions declining; system consists of microwave radio relay coaxial cable fiber-optic cable cellular and satellite networks; 3G and 4G mobile services introduced
Domestic: mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed; more than 90% of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage; fiber-optic networks are being constructed throughout the country to increase broadband access though broadband penetration in Pakistan is still relatively low
International: country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia the Middle East and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat ; 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2015)

Broadcast media: media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) operates a network consisting of 8 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 30 stations; nearly 200 commercially licensed privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2017)

Internet
Country code: .pk
Users total: 31,338,715
Users percent of population: 15.5%
Users rank: 27

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 21

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; women serve in all three armed forces; reserve obligation to age 45 for enlisted men age 50 for officers (2017)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 4
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 67
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 8,467,827
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 183,177,313 mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: AP (2016)

Airports: 151 (2013)
Rank: 37
With paved runways total: 108
With paved runways over 3047 m: 15
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 20
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 43
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 20
With paved runways under 914 m: 10
With unpaved runways total: 43
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 9
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 9
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 24

Heliports: 23 (2013)

Pipelines: gas 12,646 km; oil 2,576 km; refined products 1087 km (2013)

Railways
Total: 11,881 km
Broad gauge: 11,492 km 1.676-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 389 km 1.000-m gauge
Rank: 22

Roadways
Total: 263,942 km
Paved: 185,063 km
Unpaved: 78,879 km
Rank: 21

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 11
By type: bulk carrier 5 cargo 3 petroleum tanker 3
Registered in other countries: 11 (2010)
Rank: 111

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Karachi Port Muhammad Bin Qasim
Container port: Karachi (1,545,434)
LNG terminal: Port Qasim


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Disputes international
Rank: li>a href='../rankorder/rankorderguide.html'>Guide to Country Comparisons: various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin) India (Jammu and Kashmir) and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease-fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; since 2002 with UN assistance Pakistan has repatriated 3.8 million Afghan refugees leaving about 2.6 million; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Afghan Coalition and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 2 - 2.4 million (1.4 million registered 600,000 - 1.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2017)
IDPs: 464,000 (2016)

Illicit drugs: significant transit area for Afghan drugs including heroin opium morphine and hashish bound for Iran Western markets the Gulf States Africa and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking terrorism corruption and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 930 hectares in 2015; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication fines and arrests