Map of Canada | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada repatriated its constitution from the UK in 1982, severing a final colonial tie. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.


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Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 9,984,670 km²
Land: 9,093,507 km²
Water: 891,163 km²
Rank: 3
Comparative: slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries
Total: 8,893 km
Border countries: (1) US 8,893 km; (includes 2,477 km: note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

Coastline:

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Elevation
Mean elevation: 487 m
Elevation extremes: 0 m
Note: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean

Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 6.8% (2011 est.)
Forest: 34.1% (2011 est.)
Other: 59.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 8,700 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountainsvolcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Geography
Note: note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border


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Population
Distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia: 35,881,659 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 38
Growth rate: 0.72% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 139
Below poverty line:

Nationality
Noun: Canadian(s)
Adjective: Canadian

Ethnic groups:

Languages: English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)

Religions: Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.43% (male 2,839,236 /female 2,698,592)
15-24 years: 11.62% (male 2,145,626 /female 2,023,369)
25-54 years: 39.62% (male 7,215,261 /female 7,002,546)
55-64 years: 14.24% (male 2,538,820 /female 2,570,709)
65 years and over: 19.08% (male 3,055,560 /female 3,791,940) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.3 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23.5 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.8 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.4 years
Male: 41.1 years
Female: 43.7 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 31

Population growth rate: 0.72% (2018 est.)
Rank: 139

Birth rate: 10.2 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 189

Death rate: 8.8 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 67

Net migration rate: 5.7 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 18

Population distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.4% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.97% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 6.082 million Toronto, 4.172 million Montreal, 2.531 million Vancouver, 1.477 million Calgary, 1.397 million Edmonton, 1.363 million OTTAWA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.1 years (2012 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.5 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 4.8 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 4.1 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 180

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82 years (2018 est.)
Male: 79.4 years (2018 est.)
Female: 84.8 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 18

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 180

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 1% of population
Total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 2.54 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 2.7 beds/1000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 1% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate note: NA
People living with hivaids note: NA
Deaths note: NA

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 29.4% (2016)
Rank: 26

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 5.3% of GDP (2011)
Rank: 57

Literacy

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Canada
Etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata meaning village or settlement

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Capital
Name: Ottawa
Geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November: note: Canada has six time zones

Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Constitution
History: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982 (2018)
Amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two-thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent to and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require the unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent to by the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011) (2018)

Legal system: common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Julie PAYETTE (since 2 October 2017)
Head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)
Cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
Electionsappointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general: note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, a former space shuttle astronaut, is Canada's fourth female governor general but the first to have flown in space

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:: note: seats by party, as of December 2018 - Liberal Party 181, CPC 96, NDP 41, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1, People's Party of Canada 1, independent 4, vacant 4; composition - men 250, women 88, percent of women 26%; note - total Parliament percent of women 26.9%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
Subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements

Political parties and leaders: Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU]Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Andrew SCHEER]Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016)
In the us chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,001
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 682-7,726
In the us consulate: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle
In the us trade office: Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kelly CRAFT (since 23 October 2017)
From the us embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 5,000, Ogdensburg, NY 13,669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1
From the us telephone: [1] (613) 688-5,335
From the us FAX: [1] (613) 688-3,082
From the us consulate:

Flag description: two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

National symbols: maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: O Canada
Lyricsmusic: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE: note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, 'O Canada' served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, 'God Save the Queen' serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

National heritage


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Economy overview: Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer.TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 17

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 112

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 34

Gross national saving:
Rank: 90

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 70.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products

Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate: 4.9% (2017 est.)
Rank: 60

Labor force: 19.52 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 31
By occupation agriculture: 2%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 6%
By occupation industry and services: 76%
By occupation manufacturing: 3% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 94

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line:

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 24.8% (2000)
Highest 10: 24.8% (2000)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 119

Budget
Revenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 77

Taxes and other revenues: 39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 48

Public debt:
Rank: 25

Revenue

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 87

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 133

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 172

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 9

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 9

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 8

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 7

Current account balance:
Rank: 204

Exports:
Rank: 11
Partners: US 76.4%, China 4.3% (2017)
Commodities: motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Imports:
Rank: 12
Commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Partners: US 51.5%, China 12.6%, Mexico 6.3% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 28

Debt external:
Rank: 13

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 10

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 11

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 6
Consumption: 522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 7
Exports: 73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 2
Imports: 2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 52
Installed generating capacity: 143.5 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 8
Generation sources fossil fuels: 23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 191
Generation sources nuclear: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 16
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 30
Generation sources other renewable sources: 12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 73

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 3.977 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 6
Crude oil exports: 2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 4
Crude oil imports: 806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 14
Crude oil proven reserves: 170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 3

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 10
Products consumption: 2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption rank: 10
Products exports: 1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports rank: 8
Products imports: 405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports rank: 21

Natural gas
Production: 159.1 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 5
Consumption: 124.4 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 6
Exports: 83.96 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 5
Imports: 26.36 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 13
Proven reserves: 2.056 trillion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 16

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 640.6 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 9

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 14,700,854 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 15
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 31,458,600 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 43

Telephone system
General assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology; consumer demand for mobile data services have promted telecos to invest and pomote LTE infrastructure, and further investment in 5G; government policy has aided the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally accessible (2017)
Domestic: comparatively low mobile penetration provides further room for growth; domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations; 41 per 100 fixed-line; 88 per 100 mobile-cellular (2017)
International: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2016)

Broadcast media: 2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)

Internet
Country code: .ca
Users total: 31,770,034 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 89.8% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 22

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 13,922,504 (2017 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2017 est.)
Rank: 14


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 88

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 51 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,228,301 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,074,830,881
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C (2016)

Airports: 1467 (2013)
Rank: 4
With paved runways total: 523 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 21 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 19 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 147 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 257 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 79 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 944 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 75 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 385 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 484 (2013)

Heliports: 26 (2013)

Pipelines: 110,000 km gas and liquid petroleum (2017)

Railways
Total: 77,932 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 77,932 km
Note: 1.435-m gauge (2014)
Rank: 4

Roadways
Total: 1,042,300 km (2011)
Paved: 415,600 km
Note: (includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011)
Unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)
Rank: 7

Waterways: 636 km
Note: (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km shared with United States) (2011)
Rank: 77

Merchant marine
Total: 639 (2017)
By type: bulk carrier 16, container ship 1, general cargo 88, oil tanker 15, other 519 (2017)
Rank: 32

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver
Oil terminal: Lower Lakes terminal
Container port: Montreal (1,447,566), Vancouver (2,929,585) (2016)
LNG terminal: Saint John
River and lake port: Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)
Dry bulk cargo port: Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),: Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)


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Disputes international: managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North RockCanada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelfUS works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international bordersovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenlandcommencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 8,049 (Colombia), 7,180 (China), 6,874 (Haiti) (2017)
Stateless persons: 3,790 (2017)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector