Map of Romania | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist 'people's republic' in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 238,391 km²
Land: 229,891 km²
Water: 8,500 km²
Rank: 84
Comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries
Total: 2,844 km
Border countries: (5) Bulgaria 605 km; , Hungary 424 km; , Moldova 683 km; , Serbia 531 km; , Ukraine 601 km

Coastline: 225 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Elevation
Mean elevation: 414 m
Elevation extremes: 0 m
Note: lowest point: Black Sea

Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 60.7% (2011 est.)
Forest: 28.7% (2011 est.)
Other: 10.6% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 31,490 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Geography
Note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria


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Population
Distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania: 21,457,116 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 58
Growth rate: -0.35% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 219
Below poverty line: 22.4% (2012 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Romanian(s)
Adjective: Romanian

Ethnic groups:

Languages: Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Religions: Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)
15-24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)
25-54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)
55-64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)
65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 48 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 22.8 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.2 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 41.6 years
Male: 40.2 years
Female: 43 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 38

Population growth rate: -0.35% (2018 est.)
Rank: 219

Birth rate: 8.7 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 211

Death rate: 12 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 17

Net migration rate: -0.2 migrant(s)/1000 population (2017 est.)
Rank: 112

Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Urbanization
Urban population: 54% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.38% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 1.821 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.7 years (2014 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 9.2 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 10.4 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Female: 7.8 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Rank: 143

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 75.6 years (2018 est.)
Male: 72.1 years (2018 est.)
Female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)
Rank: 106

Total fertility rate: 1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 215

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 2.67 physicians/1000 population (2013)

Hospital bed density: 6.3 beds/1000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 7.8% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 36.7% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 20.9% of population (2015 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 119
People living with hivaids: 16,000 (2017 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 86
Deaths note: <200 (2017 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016)
Rank: 75

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (2014)
Rank: 141

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
Total population: 98.8% (2015 est.)
Male: 99.1% (2015 est.)
Female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years (2015)
Male: 15 years (2015)
Female: 15 years (2015)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Romania
Local long form: none
Local short form: Romania
Former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian Peoples Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
Etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romanus meaning citizen of Rome and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romanias three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Bucharest
Geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Dependent areas

Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 (2016)
Amendments: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one-fourths of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or - if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003 (2016)

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)
Head of government: Prime Minister Viorica DANCILA (since 29 January 2018); Deputy Prime Ministers Gratiela GAVRILESCU (since 29 June 2017), Paul STANESCU (17 October 2017), Viorel STEFAN (since 29 January 2018), Ana BIRCHALL (since 29 January 2018); note - DANCILA is Romanias first woman prime minister
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
Election results: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%; Viorica DANCILA approved as prime minister 282-136

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Political parties and leaders: Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO]Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP]Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU]M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN]National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN]New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU]Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU]Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU]Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU]Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA]Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA]Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA]United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015)
In the us chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-4,846, 4,848, 4,851, 4,852
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 232-4,748
In the us consulate: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015)
From the us embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 15,118
From the us mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5,260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,260 (pouch)
From the us telephone: [40] (21) 200-3,300
From the us FAX: [40] (21) 200-3,442

Flag description:

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: Desteapta-te romane! (Wake up, Romanian!)
Lyricsmusic: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN: note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

National heritage


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Economy overview: Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment.In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks.Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018.An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 41

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 23

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 83

Gross national saving:
Rank: 87

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 70% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 7.7% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.9% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 41.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -43.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 33.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 62.6% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 5.5% (2017 est.)
Rank: 50

Labor force: 8.951 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 54
By occupation agriculture: 28.3%
By occupation industry: 28.9%
By occupation services: 42.8% (2014)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 71

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 22.4% (2012 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 7.6% (2014 est.)
Highest 10: 7.6% (2014 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 143

Budget
Revenues: 62.14 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 68.13 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 125

Taxes and other revenues: 29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 84

Public debt:
Rank: 145

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 71

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 125

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 132

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 52

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 52

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 59

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 55

Current account balance:
Rank: 188

Exports:
Rank: 45
Partners: Germany 23%, Italy 11.2%, France 6.8%, Hungary 4.7%, UK 4.1% (2017)
Commodities: machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials

Imports:
Rank: 43
Commodities: machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials
Partners: Germany 20%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7.5%, Poland 5.5%, France 5.3%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 43

Debt external:
Rank: 49

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 47

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 70

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 61.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 47
Consumption: 49.64 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 49
Exports: 11.22 billion kWh (2015 est.)
Exports rank: 18
Imports: 4.177 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 45
Installed generating capacity: 23.94 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 38
Generation sources fossil fuels: 47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 156
Generation sources nuclear: 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 20
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 29% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 70
Generation sources other renewable sources: 19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 45

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 73,740 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 47
Crude oil exports: 2,076 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 70
Crude oil imports: 145,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 38
Crude oil proven reserves: 600 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 42

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 47
Products consumption: 198,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 58
Products exports: 103,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 44
Products imports: 49,420 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 81

Natural gas
Production: 10.87 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 40
Consumption: 11.58 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 45
Exports: 22.65 million m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 53
Imports: 1.218 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 59
Proven reserves: 105.5 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 50

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 72.07 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 50

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 3.89 million (2017 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 35
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 22.55 million (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 54

Telephone system
General assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services (2016)
Domestic: fixed-line teledensity is about 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile market served by five mobile network operators; mobile-cellular teledensity over 105 telephones per 100 persons (2016)
International: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2016)

Broadcast media: a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting (2014)

Internet
Country code: .ro
Users total: 12,852,696 (July 2016 est.)
Users percent of population: 59.5% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 44

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 4.78 million (2017 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2017 est.)
Rank: 29


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 81

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 5 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 51 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,636,642 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4,691,280
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR (2016)

Airports: 45 (2013)
Rank: 95
With paved runways total: 26 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 4 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 10 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 11 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 19 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 14 (2013)

Heliports: 2 (2013)

Pipelines: 3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013)

Railways
Total: 11,268 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 10,781 km
Note: 1.524-m gauge (2014)
Narrow gauge: 427 km
Broad gauge: 60 km
Rank: 23

Roadways
Total: 84,185 km (2012)
Paved: 49,873 km
Note: (includes 337 km of expressways) (2012)
Unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)
Rank: 58

Waterways: 1731 km
Note: (includes 1075 km on the Danube River 524 km on secondary branches and 132 km on canals) (2010)
Rank: 45

Merchant marine
Total: 114 (2017)
By type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 7, other 94 (2017)
Rank: 79

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Constanta, Midia
River port: Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)


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Disputes international: the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitationRomania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 238 (2017)

Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos