Map of Hungary | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called 'Goulash Communism.' Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.


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Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 20 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 93,028 km²
Land: 89,608 km²
Water: 3,420 km²
Rank: 111
Comparative: slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana

Land boundaries
Total: 2,106 km
Border countries: (7) Austria 321 km; , Croatia 348 km; , Romania 424 km; , Serbia 164 km; , Slovakia 627 km; , Slovenia 94 km; , Ukraine 128 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border

Elevation
Mean elevation: 143 m
Lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
Highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 58.9% (2011 est.)
Forest: 22.5% (2011 est.)
Other: 18.6% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 1721 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 9,825,704 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 92
Growth rate: -0.26% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 214
Below poverty line: 14.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Hungarian(s)
Adjective: Hungarian

Ethnic groups:

Languages:

Religions: Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.66% (male 741,624 /female 698,905)
15-24 years: 10.76% (male 546,437 /female 511,214)
25-54 years: 42.01% (male 2,077,449 /female 2,050,330)
55-64 years: 13.07% (male 593,250 /female 690,784)
65 years and over: 19.5% (male 725,728 /female 1,189,983) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46.9 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 21.2 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.7 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.9 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.7 years (2018 est.)
Male: 40.8 years
Female: 44.7 years
Rank: 25

Population growth rate: -0.26% (2018 est.)
Rank: 214

Birth rate: 8.9 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 206

Death rate: 12.8 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 12

Net migration rate: 1.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 58

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 71.6% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 0.07% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 1.764 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2019)

Environment
Current issues: air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.86 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.3 years (2014 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.8 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 5.1 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.5 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 177

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.3 years (2018 est.)
Male: 72.6 years
Female: 80.2 years
Rank: 88

Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 205

Contraceptive prevalence rate:

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population
Rural: 0% of population
Total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure: 7.4% (2016)

Physicians density: 3.23 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 7 beds/1000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 2.2% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 1.4% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 2% of population (2015 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate note: <.1% (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids: 3,700 (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 124
Deaths note: <100 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
Vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.4% (2016)
Rank: 41

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: 4.7% of GDP (2016)
Rank: 79

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.1%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 99% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2016)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Hungary
Local long form: none
Local short form: Magyarorszag
Former: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian Peoples Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic
Etymology: the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the Oungroi, a name that was later Latinized to Ungri and which became Hungari; the name originally meant an [alliance of] ten tribes; the Hungarian name Magyarorszag means Country of the Magyars; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Budapest
Geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called 'Pession' in ancient times; 'Buda' may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name

Administrative divisions:

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)

National holiday: Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083); note - commemorates his canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083

Constitution
History: previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018 (2019)

Legal system: civil legal system influenced by the German model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)
Head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 March 2017 (next to be held spring 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 10 May 2018 (next to be held by spring 2022)
Election results: Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 134 to 28

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 April 2018 (next to be held in April 2022)
Election results: percent of vote by party list - Fidesz-KDNP 49.3%, Jobbik 19.1%, MSZP-PM 11.9%, LMP 7.1%, DK 5.4%, Together 0.7%, LdU 0.5%, other 6%; seats by party - Fidesz 117, Jobbik 26, KDNP 16, MSZP 15, LMP 9, DK 9, PM 5, LdU 1, independent 1; composition - men 174, women 25, percent of women 12.6%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and approximately 91 judges and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Judge selection and term of office: Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62
Subordinate courts: 5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts

Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN]Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY]Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Gergely KARACSONY, Timea SZABO]Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN]Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Bertalan TOTH]Momentum (Momentum Mozgalom) [Andras FEKETE-GYOR]Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Tamas SNEIDER]National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or LdU [Olivia SCHUBERT]Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Marta DEMETER, Laszlo LORANT-KERESZTES]

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 3,910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 362-6,730
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 966-8,135
In the us consulate: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David B. CORNSTEIN (since 25 June 2018)
From the us telephone: [36] (1) 475-4,400
From the us embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
From the us mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5,270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-5,270
From the us FAX: [36] (1) 475-4,248

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country

National symbols: Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green

National anthem
Name: Himnusz (Hymn)
Lyricsmusic: Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL: note: adopted 1844

National heritage


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Economy overview: Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 59

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 76

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 68

Gross national saving:
Rank: 54

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 49.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 90.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -82.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 31.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 64.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products

Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate: 7.4% (2017 est.)
Rank: 29

Labor force: 4.599 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 87
By occupation agriculture: 4.9%
By occupation industry: 30.3%
By occupation services: 64.5% (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 54

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 14.9% (2015 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.3%
Highest 10: 22.4% (2015)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 140

Budget
Revenues: 61.98 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 64.7 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit:
Surplus or deficit rank: 104

Taxes and other revenues: 44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 23

Public debt:
Rank: 43

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 119

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 134

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 190

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 46

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 46

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 56

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 58

Current account balance:
Rank: 30

Exports:
Rank: 38
Partners: Germany 27.7%, Romania 5.4%, Italy 5.1%, Austria 5%, Slovakia 4.8%, France 4.4%, Czech Republic 4.4%, Poland 4.3% (2017)
Commodities: machinery and equipment (55.8%), other manufactures (32.7%), food products (6.8%), raw materials (2.4%), fuels and electricity (2.3%) (2017 est.)

Imports:
Rank: 35
Commodities: machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)
Partners: Germany 26.2%, Austria 6.3%, China 5.9%, Poland 5.5%, Slovakia 5.3%, Netherlands 5%, Czech Republic 4.8%, Italy 4.7%, France 4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 52

Debt external:
Rank: 43

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 22

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 27

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 30.22 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 64
Consumption: 39.37 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 56
Exports: 5.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 34
Imports: 17.95 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 13
Installed generating capacity: 8.639 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 67
Generation sources fossil fuels: 64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 122
Generation sources nuclear: 22% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 5
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 148
Generation sources other renewable sources: 13% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 67

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 16,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 72
Crude oil exports: 2,713 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 69
Crude oil imports: 121,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 40
Crude oil proven reserves: 24 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 82

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products production rank: 59
Products consumption: 167,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products consumption rank: 62
Products exports: 58,720 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports rank: 50
Products imports: 82,110 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products imports rank: 62

Natural gas
Production: 1.812 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 60
Consumption: 10.39 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 46
Exports: 3.52 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 34
Imports: 13.37 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 24
Proven reserves: 6.598 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 83

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 51.28 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 59

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 3,131,598
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 44
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 12,030,940
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 75

Telephone system
General assessment: modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; regulator preps for 5G spectrum auction in 2019 (2018)
Domestic: competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones, 122 per 100, and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections, 32 per 100 persons (2018)
International: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals

Broadcast media: mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media

Internet
Country code: .hu
Users total: 7,826,695
Users percent of population: 79.3% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 54

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 2,956,585
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2017 est.)
Rank: 41


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 105

Military and security forces:

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 5 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 75 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 20,042,185 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: HA (2016)

Airports: 41 (2013)
Rank: 103
With paved runways total: 20 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 6 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 6 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 21 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 8 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 (2013)

Heliports: 3 (2013)

Pipelines: 5,874 km gas (high-pressure transmission system), 83,732 km gas (low-pressure distribution network), 850 km oil, 1200 km refined products (2016)

Railways
Total: 8,049 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 7,794 km
Note: 1.524-m gauge (2014)
Narrow gauge: 219 km
Broad gauge: 36 km
Rank: 28

Roadways
Total: 203,601 km (2014)
Paved: 77,087 km
Note: (includes 1582 km of expressways) (2014)
Unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)
Rank: 27

Waterways: 1622 km
Note: (most on Danube River) (2011)
Rank: 47

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River port: Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)


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Disputes international: bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
Stateless persons: 144 (2018): note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy