Map of Moldova | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: A large portion of present day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria, whose population is roughly equally composed of ethnic Ukrainians, Russians, and Moldovans.


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Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 29 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 33,851 km²
Land: 32,891 km²
Water: 960 km²
Rank: 140
Comparative: slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries
Total: 1885 km
Border countries: (2) Romania 683 km; , Ukraine 1202 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: moderate winters, warm summers

Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Elevation
Mean elevation: 139 m
Lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m
Highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m

Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 74.9% (2011 est.)
Forest: 11.9% (2011 est.)
Other: 13.2% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 2,283 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: landslides

Geography
Note: landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone


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Population
Distribution: pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti: 3,437,720 (July 2018 est.)
Rank: 132
Growth rate: -1.06% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 226
Below poverty line: 9.6% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Moldovan(s)
Adjective: Moldovan

Ethnic groups: Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)

Languages:

Religions: Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic (2014 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 18.29% (male 324,002 /female 304,737)
15-24 years: 11.84% (male 210,988 /female 196,063)
25-54 years: 43.29% (male 752,758 /female 735,471)
55-64 years: 13.5% (male 213,410 /female 250,755)
65 years and over: 13.08% (male 176,252 /female 273,284) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 34.5 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 21.2 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.4 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 7.5 (2015 est.)

Median age
Total: 37 years (2018 est.)
Male: 35.3 years
Female: 38.9 years
Rank: 71

Population growth rate: -1.06% (2018 est.)
Rank: 226

Birth rate: 11.2 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 175

Death rate: 12.6 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 15

Net migration rate: -9.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 215

Population distribution: pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Urbanization
Urban population: 42.7% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: -0.07% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 504,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2019)

Environment
Current issues: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 24 years (2014 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.7 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 13.4 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 9.8 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 121

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 71.3 years (2018 est.)
Male: 67.4 years
Female: 75.4 years
Rank: 153

Total fertility rate: 1.57 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 187

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 59.5% (2012)

Drinking water source
Urban: 3.1% of population
Rural: 18.6% of population
Total: 11.6% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure: 9% (2016)

Physicians density: 3.2 physicians/1000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 5.8 beds/1000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 12.2% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 32.9% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 23.6% of population (2015 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.6% (2018 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 62
People living with hivaids: 17,000 (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 88
Deaths note: <1000 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 18.9% (2016)
Rank: 115

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2.2% (2012)
Rank: 111

Education expenditures: 6.7% of GDP (2017)
Rank: 17

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.4%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.1% (2015)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 11 years
Female: 12 years (2015)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
Conventional short form: Moldova
Local long form: Republica Moldova
Local short form: Moldova
Former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)
Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October: note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)

Administrative divisions:

Dependent areas

Independence: 27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

Constitution
History: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994
Amendments: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2010; note - in early 2016, the Moldovan Constitutional Court decision returned the country to direct presidential elections, reversing a 2000 constitutional amendment that allowed Parliament to select the president (2016)

Legal system: civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Igor DODON (since 23 December 2016); note - in 2017-19, DODON was temporarily suspended several times by the Moldovan Constitutional Court for rejecting ministerial appointments and for refusing to sign legislation
Head of government: Prime Minister Ion CHICU (since 14 November 2019)
Cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament
Electionsappointments: president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 November 2016 (next to be held in fall 2020); prime minister designated by the president upon consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament
Election results: Igor DODON elected president; percent of vote - Igor DODON (PSRM) 52.2%, Maia SANDU (PAS) 47.8%; Ion CHICU designated prime minister; Parliament vote - 62 of 101

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Parliament (101 seats; 51 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 50 members directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by closed party-list proportional representation vote; all members serve 4-year terms
Elections: last held on 24 February 2019 (next scheduled for February 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party - PSRM 31.2%, ACUM (PPDA + PAS) 26.8%, PDM 23.6%, PS 8.3%, other 10.1%; seats by party - PSRM 35, ACUM (PPDA + PAS) 26, PDM 30, PS 7, independent 3; composition - men 78, women 23, percent of women 22.8%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts

Political parties and leaders: represented in Parliament: Action and Solidarity Party or PAS [Maia SANDU]Democratic Party of Moldova or PDM [Vladimir PLAHOTNIUC]Dignity and Truth Platform or PPDA [Andrei NASTASE]NOW Platform or ACUM (PPDA + PAS)Shor Party or PS [Ilan SHOR]Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM [Zinaida GRECEANII]not represented in Parliament, participated in recent elections (2014-2019): Anti-Mafia Movement or MPA [Sergiu MOCANU]Centrist Union of Moldova or UCM [Mihai PETRACHE]Christian Democratic People's Party or PPCD [Victor CIOBANU]Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN]Conservative Party or PC [Natalia NIRCA]Democracy at Home Party or PDA [Vasile COSTIUC]Democratic Action Party or PAD [Mihai GODEA]Ecologist Green Party or PVE [Anatolie PROHNITCHI]European People’s Party of Moldova or EPPM [Iurie LEANCA]Law and Justice Party or PLD [Nicolae ALEXEI]Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova or PLDM [Tudor DELIU]Liberal Party or PL [Dorin CHIRTOACA]'Motherland' Party or PP [Sergiu BIRIUCOV]National Liberal Party or PNL [Vitalia PAVLICENKO]Our Home Moldova or PCNM [Grigore PETRENCO]Our Party or PN [Renato USATII]Party of National Unity [Anatol SALARU]People’s Party of Moldova or PPRM [Alexandru OLEINIC]Regions Party of Moldova or PRM [Alexandr KALININ]Socialist People’s Party of Moldova or PPSM [Victor STEPANIUC]

International organization participation: BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 2,101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Dereck J. HOGAN (since 15 October 2018)
From the us telephone: [373] (22) 40-8,300
From the us embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009
From the us mailing address: use embassy street address
From the us FAX: [373] (22) 23-3,044

Flag description:

National symbols: aurochs (a type of wild cattle); national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: Limba noastra (Our Language)
Lyricsmusic: Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA: note: adopted 1994

National heritage


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Economy overview: Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, wheat, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.2 billion - almost 15% of GDP - from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Israel, Russia, and elsewhere.With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $6 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. In 2018, Moldova awarded a tender to Romanian Transgaz to construct a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. Moldova also seeks to connect with the European power grid by 2022.The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2017, largely driven by increased consumption, increased revenue from agricultural exports, and improved tax collection. During fall 2014, Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU (AA/DCFTA), connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. The EU AA/DCFTA has contributed to significant growth in Moldova’s exports to the EU. In 2017, the EU purchased over 65% of Moldova’s exports, a major change from 20 years previously when the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) received over 69% of Moldova’s exports. A $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; the subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu and a minor recession. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption, which limits business growth and deters foreign investment, and Russian restrictions on imports of Moldova’s agricultural products. The government’s push to restore stability and implement meaningful reform led to the approval in 2016 of a $179 million three-year IMF program focused on improving the banking and fiscal environments, along with additional assistance programs from the EU, World Bank, and Romania. Moldova received two IMF tranches in 2017, totaling over $42.5 million.Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, energy import dependence, Russian political and economic pressure, heavy dependence on agricultural exports, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 143

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 65

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 162

Gross national saving:
Rank: 143

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 85.8% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 19% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.4% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 42.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -70.7% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 17.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 20.3% (2017 est.)
Services: 62% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: vegetables, fruits, grapes, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, tobacco; beef, milk; wine

Industries: sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2017 est.)
Rank: 104

Labor force: 1.295 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 136
By occupation agriculture: 32.3%
By occupation industry: 12%
By occupation services: 55.7% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 53

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 9.6% (2015 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 4.2%
Highest 10: 22.1% (2014 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 146

Budget
Revenues: 2.886 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 2.947 billion (2017 est.): note: National Public Budget
Surplus or deficit: -0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 65

Taxes and other revenues: 30.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 77

Public debt:
Rank: 163

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 191

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 60

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 84

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 134

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 142

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 148

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 123

Current account balance:
Rank: 123

Exports:
Rank: 143
Partners: Romania 24.6%, Russia 13.7%, Italy 9.1%, Germany 6.2%, Ukraine 5.3%, UK 4.6%, Poland 4.6% (2017)
Commodities: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery

Imports:
Rank: 136
Commodities: mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles
Partners: Romania 15.5%, Ukraine 11.4%, Russia 10.6%, China 10.4%, Germany 8.9%, Italy 6.9%, Turkey 6.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 111

Debt external:
Rank: 126

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 112

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 106

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 5.49 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 118
Consumption: 4.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 125
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 172
Imports: 4 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 116
Installed generating capacity:
Installed generating capacity rank: 148
Generation sources fossil fuels: 86% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 67
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 144
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 112
Generation sources other renewable sources: 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 142

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 175
Crude oil exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 166
Crude oil imports: 20 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 83
Crude oil proven reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 170

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 232 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 107
Products consumption: 18,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 148
Products exports: 275 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 116
Products imports: 18,160 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 130

Natural gas
Production: 11.33 million m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 92
Consumption:
Consumption rank: 78
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 152
Imports:
Imports rank: 46
Proven reserves note: NA m³ (1 January 2017 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 7.653 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 121

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,143,852
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 73
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 3,662,968
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 132

Telephone system
General assessment: the mobile market has extended the reach of service to outside the cities and across most of the country; endeavors to join the EU have promoted regulatory issues to be in line with EU principles and standards; market is competitive with 80 ISPs active; LTE services available and mobile broadband growth (2018)
Domestic: competition among mobile telephone providers has spurred subscriptions; little interest in expanding fixed-line service 33 per 100; mobile-cellular teledensity sits at 105 per 100 persons (2018)
International: country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 (Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik)

Broadcast media: state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .md
Users total: 2,492,444
Users percent of population: 71% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 104

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 584,330
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
Rank: 78


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 152

Military and security forces: National Army: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command (includes air defense unit); Carabinieri Troops (a component of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that also has official status as a service of the Armed Forces during wartime) (2017)

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation; note - Moldova intends to abolish military conscription by 2021. (2019)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,005,942 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 489,630
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: ER (2016)

Airports: 7 (2013)
Rank: 169
With paved runways total: 5 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 2 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Heliports

Pipelines: 1916 km gas (2014)

Railways
Total: 1171 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 14 km
Note: 1.520-m gauge (2014)
Broad gauge: 1157 km
Rank: 87

Roadways
Total: 9,352 km (2012)
Paved: 8,835 km (2012)
Unpaved: 517 km (2012)
Rank: 131

Waterways: 558 km
Note: (in public use on Danube Dniester and Prut Rivers) (2011)
Rank: 82

Merchant marine
Total: 151
By type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 3, general cargo 113, oil tanker 8, other 24 (2018)
Rank: 71

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under the auspices of an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-mandated peacekeeping mission comprised of Moldovan, Transnistrian, Russian, and Ukrainian troops

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 6,779 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
Stateless persons: 4,451 (2018)

Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity