Map of Serbia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz 'TITO' (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a 'Greater Serbia.' These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 77,474 km²
Land: 77,474 km²
Water: 0 km²
Rank: 118
Comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries
Total: 2,322 km
Border countries: (8) Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; , Bulgaria 344 km; , Croatia 314 km; , Hungary 164 km; , Kosovo 366 km; , Macedonia 101 km; , Montenegro 157 km; , Romania 531 km

Coastline: 0 km
Note: (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Elevation
Mean elevation: 442 m
Lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
Highest point: Midzor 2,169 m

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 57.9% (2011 est.)
Forest: 31.6% (2011 est.)
Other: 10.5% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 950 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 7,078,110 (July 2018 est.)
Note: does not include the population of Kosovo
Rank: 103
Growth rate: -0.47% (2018 est.)
Growth rate rank: 220
Below poverty line: 8.9% (2014 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Serb(s)
Adjective: Serbian

Ethnic groups: Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)
Note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5-11% of Serbia's population

Languages: Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)
Note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Religions: Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)
Note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.35%
0-14 note: (male 523,473 /female 492,339)
15-24 years: 11.19%
15-24 note: (male 408,379 /female 383,385)
25-54 years: 41.27%
25-54 note: (male 1,475,243 /female 1,445,935)
55-64 years: 14.21%
55-64 note: (male 485,849 /female 520,126)
65 years and over: 18.98%
65 and over note: (male 557,307 /female 786,074) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.2 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 24.3 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4.1 (2015 est.) data include Kosovo

Median age
Total: 42.8 years (2018 est.)
Male: 41.2 years
Female: 44.5 years
Rank: 24

Population growth rate: -0.47% (2018 est.)
Rank: 220

Birth rate: 8.9 births/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 207

Death rate: 13.6 deaths/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 7

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2018 est.)
Rank: 97

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 56.3% of total population
Note:
Rate of urbanization: -0.07% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 1.394 million BELGRADE (capital) (2019)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.9 years (2014 est.)
Note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.7 deaths/1000 live births (2018 est.)
Male: 6.6 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.8 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 169

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 75.9 years (2018 est.)
Male: 73 years
Female: 79 years
Rank: 98

Total fertility rate: 1.44 children born/woman (2018 est.)
Rank: 208

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 58.4% (2014)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.4% of population
Improved rural: 98.9% of population
Improved total: 99.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.6% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.1% of population
Unimproved total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure: 9.1% (2016)

Physicians density: 3.13 physicians/1000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 5.7 beds/1000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 1.8% of population (2015 est.)
Rural: 5.8% of population (2015 est.)
Total: 3.6% of population (2015 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate note: <.1% (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids: 3,000 (2018 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 131
Deaths note: <100 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea (2016)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 21.5% (2016)
Rank: 88

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.8% (2014)
Rank: 114

Education expenditures: 4% of GDP (2017)
Rank: 105

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.8%
Male: 99.5%
Female: 98.2% (2016)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2017)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Serbia
Conventional short form: Serbia
Local long form: Republika Srbija
Local short form: Srbija
Former: Peoples Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Belgrade (Beograd)
Geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the Serbian 'Beograd' means 'white fortress' or 'white city' and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city

Administrative divisions: 119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada; cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*
Note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

Dependent areas

Independence: 5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)

National holiday: National Day (Statehood Day), 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

Constitution
History: many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006
Amendments: proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum (2016)

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC (since 29 June 2017)
Cabinet: Cabinet elected by the National Assembly
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 April 2017 (next to be held in 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly
Election results: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri) 2.3%, other 5.0%, invalid/blank 1.6%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held by April 2020)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia is Winning 48.3%, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 11.0%, SRS 8.1%, For a Just Serbia 6.0%, DJB 6.0%, Alliance for a Better Serbia 5.0%, Dveri-DSS 5.0%, SVM 1.5%, other 9.1%; seats by party/coalition Serbia is Winning 131, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 29, SRS 22, For a Just Serbia 16, DJB 16, Alliance for a Better Serbia 13, Dveri-DSS 13, SVM 4, other 6; composition - men 165, women 85, percent of women 34%
Note: seats by party as of May 2019 - SNS 91, SRS 22, SPS 20, DS 13, SDPS 10, PUPS 9, Dveri 6, JS 6, LDP 4, SDS 4, SVM 4, other 36, independent 25; composition - men 157, women 93, percent of women 37.2%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of 8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for a Better Serbia (electoral coalition including LDP, LSV, SDS)Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ]Democratic Party or DS [Zoran LUTOVAC]Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos JOVANOVIC]Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC]Enough is Enough or DJB [Branislav MIHAJLOVIC]For a Just Serbia (electoral coalition including DS, NS, DSVH, VVS)Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC]Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP [Muamer ZUKORLIC] (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK]Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC]Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN]New Party or NOVA [Zoran ZIVKOVIC]New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Shaip KAMBERI]Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC]People's Party or NARODNA [Vuk JEREMIC]Serbia is Winning (electoral coalition including NDSS, NS, PS, PSS, PUPS, SDPS, SNP, SNS, SPO)Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC]Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC]Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC]Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC]Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]Together for Serbia or ZZS [Hebojsa ZELENOVIC]United Serbia or JS [Dragan MARKOVIC]
Note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations

International organization participation: BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 2,233 Wisconsin Ave NW, #410, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 332-3,933
In the us consulate: Chicago, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Anthony GODFREY (since 24 October 2019)
From the us telephone: [381] (11) 706-4,000
From the us embassy: 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11,040 Belgrade, Serbia
From the us mailing address: 5,070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,070
From the us FAX: [381] (11) 706-4,005

Flag description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic 'C's' in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
Note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

National symbols: white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

National anthem
Name: Boze pravde (God of Justice)
Lyrics and music: Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO
Note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

National heritage


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Economy overview: Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Rank: 82

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 158

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Rank: 111

Gross national saving:
Rank: 134

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 78.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 10.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 52.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -61.3% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 9.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 41.1% (2017 est.)
Services: 49.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, maize, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes/wine, fruits (raspberries, apples, sour cherries), vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes), beef, pork, and meat products, milk and dairy products

Industries: automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate: 3.9% (2017 est.)
Rank: 78

Labor force: 2.92 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 106
By occupation agriculture: 19.4%
By occupation industry: 24.5%
By occupation services: 56.1% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 170

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 8.9% (2014 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.2%
Highest 10: 23.8% (2011)

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 76

Budget
Revenues: 17.69 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 17.59 billion (2017 est.)
Note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets
Surplus or deficit: 0.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 43

Taxes and other revenues: 42.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 30

Public debt:
Rank: 70

Revenue

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 133

Central bank discount rate:
Rank: 103

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Rank: 105

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 93

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 96

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 87

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 83

Current account balance:
Rank: 170

Exports:
Rank: 74
Partners: Italy 13.5%, Germany 12.8%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.2%, Russia 6%, Romania 4.9% (2017)
Commodities: automobiles, iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition

Imports:
Rank: 77
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
Partners: Germany 12.7%, Italy 10%, China 8.2%, Russia 7.3%, Hungary 4.9%, Poland 4.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 70

Debt external:
Rank: 81

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 63

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: NA

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2016)
Production: 36.54 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 59
Consumption: 29.81 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 62
Exports: 6.428 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 29
Imports: 5.068 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 38
Installed generating capacity: 7.342 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 73
Generation sources fossil fuels: 65% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 119
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 180
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 35% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 61
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 167

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 17,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 69
Crude oil exports: 123 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 81
Crude oil imports: 40,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 56
Crude oil proven reserves: 77.5 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 73

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 74,350 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 71
Products consumption: 74,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 90
Products exports: 15,750 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 73
Products imports: 18,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 126

Natural gas
Production: 509.7 million m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 71
Consumption: 2.718 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 75
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 181
Imports: 2.01 billion m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 52
Proven reserves: 48.14 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 63

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 50.21 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 60

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2,609,592
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2017 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 52
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 8,626,903
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2017 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 94

Telephone system
General assessment: Serbias integration with the EU has helped regulator reforms and promotion of telecoms; wireless service are available through multiple providers; national coverage is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 4G/LTE mobile network launched; 5G trials (2018)
Domestic: fixed-line 37 per 100 and mobile-cellular 121 per 100 persons (2018)
International: country code - 381

Broadcast media

Internet
Country code: .rs
Users total: 4,790,488
Users percent of population: 67.1% (July 2016 est.)
Users rank: 78

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,474,970
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2017 est.)
Rank: 60


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 83

Military and security forces: Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces (2019)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010 (2019)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2015)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 (2015)
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,424,886 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.748 million
Note: mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YU (2016)

Airports: 26 (2013)
Rank: 126
With paved runways total: 10 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 16 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Heliports: 2 (2012)

Pipelines: 1936 km gas, 413 km oil

Railways
Total: 3,809 km (2015)
Standard gauge: 3,809 km
Note: 1.435-m gauge (3,526 km one-track lines and 283 km double-track lines) out of which 1279 km electrified (1000 km one-track lines and 279 km double-track lines) (2015)
Rank: 53

Roadways
Total: 44,248 km (2016)
Paved: 28,000 km
Note: (16,162 km state roads out of which 741 km highways) (2016)
Unpaved: 16,248 km (2016)
Rank: 85

Waterways: 587 km
Note: (primarily on the Danube and Sava Rivers) (2009)
Rank: 80

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River port: Belgrade (Danube)


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Disputes international: Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 18,232 (Croatia), 8,270 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2018)
IDPs: 199,584 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2019)
Stateless persons: 2,052 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2018)
Note: 709,495 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2019); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 3,404 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of September 2019; 8,827 migrant arrivals in 2018

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering