Map of Cameroon | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Much of the area of present-day Cameroon was ruled by powerful chiefdoms before becoming a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, the territory was divided between France and the UK as League of Nations mandates. French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has enabled the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite slow movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of President Paul BIYA.


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Location: Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria

Geographic coordinates: 6 00 N, 12 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 475,440 km²
Land: 472,710 km²
Water: 2,730 km²
Rank: 55
Comparative: slightly larger than California; about four times the size of Pennsylvania

Land boundaries
Total: 5,018 km
Border countries: (6) Central African Republic 901 km; , Chad 1116 km; , Republic of the Congo 494 km; , Equatorial Guinea 183 km; , Gabon 349 km; , Nigeria 1975 km

Coastline: 402 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm

Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north

Elevation
Mean elevation: 667 m
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Fako on Mont Cameroun 4,045 m

Natural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 20.6% (2011 est.)
Forest: 41.7% (2011 est.)
Other: 37.7% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land: 290 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoesvolcanism: Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986

Geography
Note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano


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Population
Distribution rank: population distribution map: 27,744,989 (July 2020 est.)
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Rank: 51
Growth rate: 2.78% (2020 est.)
Growth rate rank: 12
Below poverty line: 30% (2001 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Cameroonian(s)
Adjective: Cameroonian

Ethnic groups: Bamileke-Bamu 24.3%, Beti/Bassa, Mbam 21.6%, Biu-Mandara 14.6%, Arab-Choa/Hausa/Kanuri 11%, Adamawa-Ubangi, 9.8%, Grassfields 7.7%, Kako, Meka/Pygmy 3.3%, Cotier/Ngoe/Oroko 2.7%, Southwestern Bantu 0.7%, foreign/other ethnic group 4.5% (2018 est.)

Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Religions: Roman Catholic 38.3%, Protestant 25.5%, other Christian 6.9%, Muslim 24.4%, animist 2.2%, other 0.5%, none 2.2% (2018 est.)

Demographic profile: Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty. The activities of Boko Haram, other armed groups, and counterinsurgency operations have worsened food insecurity in the Far North region.  

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.34% (male 5,927,640/female 5,820,226)
15-24 years: 20.04% (male 2,782,376/female 2,776,873)
25-54 years: 30.64% (male 4,191,151/female 4,309,483)
55-64 years: 3.87% (male 520,771/female 552,801)
65 years and over: 3.11% (male 403,420/female 460,248) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 81.1
Youth dependency ratio: 76.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 4.9
Potential support ratio: 20.3 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 18.5 years
Male: 18.2 years
Female: 18.8 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 209

Population growth rate: 2.78% (2020 est.)
Rank: 12

Birth rate: 36.3 births/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 17

Death rate: 8.1 deaths/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 88

Net migration rate: -0.3 migrant(s)/1000 population (2020 est.)
Rank: 115

Population distribution
Rank: population distribution map

Urbanization
Urban population: 57.6% of total population
Note: (2015-20 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 3.63% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: 3.922 million YAOUNDE (capital), 3.663 million Douala (2020)

Environment
Current issues: waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 19.7 years (2011 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 51.5 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 56.5 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 46.3 deaths/1000 live births (2020 est.)
Rank: 23

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 62.3 years
Male: 60.6 years
Female: 64 years (2020 est.)
Rank: 208

Total fertility rate: 4.66 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Rank: 20

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 19.3% (2018)

Drinking water source
Urban: 6% of population
Rural: 45.3% of population
Total: 23.5% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 4.7% (2017)

Physicians density: 0.09 physicians/1000 population (2011)

Hospital bed density: 1.3 beds/1000 population (2010)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 16.7% of population
Rural: 74.4% of population
Total: 42.3% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 3.2% (2019 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 17
People living with hivaids: 510,000 (2019 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 16
Deaths: 14,000 (2019 est.)
Deaths rank: 13

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
Animal contact diseases: rabies
Respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 11.4% (2016)
Rank: 135

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 11% (2018)
Rank: 60

Education expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (2018)
Rank: 129

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 77.1%
Male: 82.6%
Female: 71.6% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 11 years (2016)

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
Conventional short form: Cameroon
Local long form: Republique du Cameroun/Republic of Cameroon
Local short form: Cameroun/Cameroon
Former: Kamerun, French Cameroon, British Cameroon, Federal Republic of Cameroon, United Republic of Cameroon
Etymology: in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers named the area near the mouth of the Wouri River the Rio dos Camaroes (River of Prawns) after the abundant shrimp in the water; over time the designation became Cameroon in English; this is the only instance where a country is named after a crustacean

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Yaounde
Geographic coordinates: 3 52 N, 11 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time): etymology: founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people

Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday: State Unification Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon’s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended; amended 2008

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cameroon
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
Head of government: Prime Minister Joseph Dion NGUTE (since 4 January 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Amadou ALI (since 2014)
Cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 7 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Paul BIYA reelected president; percent of vote - Paul BIYA (CPDM) 71.3%, Maurice KAMTO (MRC) 14.2%, Cabral LIBII (Univers) 6.3%, other 8.2%

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Cameroon (consists of 9 titular and 6 surrogate judges and organized into judicial, administrative, and audit chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 11 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Higher Judicial Council of Cameroon, a body chaired by the president and includes the minister of justice, selected magistrates, and representatives of the National Assembly; judge term NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president for single 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Parliamentary Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases involving the president and prime minister); appellate and first instance courts; circuit and magistrates courts

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy and DevelopmentCameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation or PCRN [Cabral LIBII]Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon or FSNC [Issa Tchiroma BAKARY]Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau]Union of Socialist Movements

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Henri ETOUNDI ESSOMBA (since 27 June 2016)
In the us chancery: 2,349 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 265-8,790
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 387-3,826
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Henry BARLERIN (since 20 December 2017)
From the us telephone: [237] 22,220 1500; Consular: [237] 22,220 1603
From the us embassy: Avenue Rosa Parks, Yaoundé
From the us mailing address: P.O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-2,520
From the us FAX: [237] 22,220 1500 Ext. 4,531; Consular FAX: [237] 22,220 1752
From the us branch office: Douala

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the 'star of unity'
Note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

National symbols: lion; national colors: green, red, yellow

National anthem
Name: O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancetres (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers)
Lyricsmusic: Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKOO [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME
Note: adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as 'Chant de Ralliement' (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity
Real:
Real note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 84

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Rank: 169

Gross national saving:
Rank: 56

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 66.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.6% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -20.9% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 16.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 26.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 56.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, cassava (manioc, tapioca); livestock; timber

Industries: petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (2017 est.)
Rank: 94

Labor force: 9.912 million (2017 est.)
Rank: 50
By occupation agriculture: 70%
By occupation industry: 13%
By occupation services: 17% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 64

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 30% (2001 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 37.5%
Highest 10: 35.4% (2001)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: 5.363 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: 6.556 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 143

Taxes and other revenues: 15.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Rank: 191

Public debt:
Rank: 143

Revenue

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 124

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:
Rank: 144

Exports:
Rank: 117
Partners: Netherlands 15.6%, France 12.6%, China 11.7%, Belgium 6.8%, Italy 6.3%, Algeria 4.8%, Malaysia 4.4% (2017)
Commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton

Imports:
Rank: 141
Commodities: machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food
Partners: China 19%, France 10.3%, Thailand 7.9%, Nigeria 4.1% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 107

Debt external:
Rank: 115

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: 8 million (2019)
Access electrification total population: 70% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 98% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 32% (2019)
Production: 8.108 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Production rank: 109
Consumption: 6.411 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption rank: 113
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Exports rank: 117
Imports: 55 million kWh (2016 est.)
Imports rank: 105
Installed generating capacity: 1.558 million kW (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 122
Generation sources fossil fuels: 52% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 144
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 62
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 47% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 44
Generation sources other renewable sources: 1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 150

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 69,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 47
Crude oil exports: 96,370 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 35
Crude oil imports: 36,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 59
Crude oil proven reserves: 200 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 55

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 39,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products production rank: 82
Products consumption: 45,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products consumption rank: 109
Products exports: 8,545 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports rank: 84
Products imports: 14,090 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports rank: 138

Natural gas
Production: 910.4 million m³ (2017 est.)
Production rank: 69
Consumption: 906.1 million m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption rank: 93
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports rank: 79
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports rank: 103
Proven reserves: 135.1 billion m³ (1 January 2018 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 48

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 7.672 million Mt (2017 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 119

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 966,035
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.58 (2019 est.)
Fixed lines rank: 76
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 22,062,303
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 81.76 (2019 est.)
Mobile cellular rank: 53

Telephone system

Broadcast media: government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operating but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2019)

Internet
Country code: .cm
Users total: 6,089,200
Users percent of population: 23.2% (July 2018 est.)
Users rank: 77

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 17,987 (2018 est.)
Rank: 156


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Military expenditures:
Rank: 110

Military and security forces: Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2019)

Military service age and obligation: 18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - West Africa (2020)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in a title='Appendix-T' href='../appendix/appendix-t.html'>Appendix-T/a>


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 265,136 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 70,000
Note: mt-km (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TJ (2016)

Airports: 33 (2013)
Rank: 111
With paved runways total: 11 (2017)
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2 (2017)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5 (2017)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3 (2017)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 22 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4 (2013)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10 (2013)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 8 (2013)

Heliports

Pipelines: 53 km gas, 5 km liquid petroleum gas, 1107 km oil, 35 km water (2013)

Railways
Total: 987 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 987 km
Note:
Rank: 89

Roadways
Total: 77,589 km (2016)
Paved: 5,133 km (2016)
Unpaved: 72,456 km (2016)
Rank: 65

Waterways
Note: (major rivers in the south such as the Wouri and the Sanaga are largely non-navigable; in the north the Benue which connects through Nigeria to the Niger River is navigable in the rainy season only to the port of Garoua) (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 29
By type: general cargo 9, other 20 (2019)
Rank: 133

Ports and terminals
Oil terminal: Limboh Terminal
River port: Douala (Wouri): Garoua (Benoue)


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Disputes international: Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 314,780 (Central African Republic), 116,960 (Nigeria) (2020)
IDPs: 1,032,942 (2020) (includes far north, northwest, and southwest)

Illicit drugs