Map of Chad | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: Chad emerged from a collection of powerful states that controlled the Sahelian belt starting around the 9^th century. These states focused on controlling trans-Saharan trade routes and profited mostly from the slave trade. The Kanem-Bornu Empire, centered around the Lake Chad Basin, existed between the 9^th and 19^th centuries, and during its peak, the empire controlled territory stretching from southern Chad to southern Libya and included portions of modern-day Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and Sudan. The Sudanese warlord Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR used an army comprised largely of slaves to conquer the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the late 19^th century. In southeastern Chad, the Bagirmi and Ouaddai (Wadai) kingdoms emerged in the 15^th and 16^th centuries and lasted until the arrival of the French in the 19^th and 20^th centuries. France began moving into the region in the late 1880s and defeated the Bagirmi kingdom in 1897, Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR in 1900, and the Ouddai kingdom in 1909. In the arid regions of northern Chad and southern Libya, an Islamic order called the Sanusiyya (Sanusi) relied heavily on the trans-Saharan slave trade and had upwards of 3 million followers by the 1880s. The French arrived in the region in the early 1900s and defeated the Sanusiyya in 1910 after years of intermittent war. By 1910, France had incorporated the northern arid region, the Lake Chad Basin, and southeastern Chad into French Equatorial Africa.  


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Location: Central Africa, south of Libya

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1.284 million km²
Land: 1,259,200 km²
Water: 24,800 km²
Comparative: almost nine times the size of New York state; slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries
Total: 6,406 km
Border countries: (6) Cameroon 1116 km; , Central African Republic 1556 km; , Libya 1050 km; , Niger 1196 km; , Nigeria 85 km; , Sudan 1403 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

Elevation
Highest point: Emi Koussi 3,445 m
Lowest point: Djourab 160 m
Mean elevation: 543 m

Natural resources: petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Land use
Agricultural land: 39.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 35.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 9.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 51.3% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 300 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 km²)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Industrial: 103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Agricultural: 672.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 45.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Geography


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Population
Distribution: the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated: 17,414,108 (July 2021 est.)
Growth rate: 3.12% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line: 42.3% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Chadian(s)
Adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups: Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other Chadian ethnicities 3.4%, Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.9%, foreign nationals 0.3%, unspecified 1.7% (2014-15 est.)

Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
Major language samples:

Religions: Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2014-15 est.)

Demographic profile: Despite the start of oil production in 2003, 40% of Chad’s population lives below the poverty line. The population will continue to grow rapidly because of the country’s very high fertility rate and large youth cohort - more than 65% of the populace is under the age of 25 - although the mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low. Chad has the world’s third highest maternal mortality rate. Among the primary risk factors are poverty, anemia, rural habitation, high fertility, poor education, and a lack of access to family planning and obstetric care. Impoverished, uneducated adolescents living in rural areas are most affected. To improve women’s reproductive health and reduce fertility, Chad will need to increase women’s educational attainment, job participation, and knowledge of and access to family planning. Only about a quarter of women are literate, less than 5% use contraceptives, and more than 40% undergo genital cutting.

Age structure
0-14 years: 47.43% (male 4,050,505/female 3,954,413)
15-24 years: 19.77% (male 1,676,495/female 1,660,417)
25-54 years: 27.14% (male 2,208,181/female 2,371,490)
55-64 years: 3.24% (male 239,634/female 306,477)
65 years and over: 2.43% (male 176,658/female 233,087) (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 96
Youth dependency ratio: 91.1
Elderly dependency ratio: 4.9
Potential support ratio: 20.4 (2020 est.)

Median age
Total: 16.1 years
Male: 15.6 years
Female: 16.5 years (2020 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.12% (2021 est.)

Birth rate: 41.05 births/1000 population (2021 est.)

Death rate: 9.7 deaths/1000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1000 population (2021 est.)

Population distribution: the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 23.8% of total population (2021)
Rate of urbanization: 4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.476 million N'DJAMENA (capital) (2021)

Environment
Current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices contribute to soil and water pollution; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Dumping-London Convention

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 53.01 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 1.02 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 30.69 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.78 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 18.1 years (2014/15 est.)
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 1,140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 67.02 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 72.83 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 60.97 deaths/1000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 58.73 years
Male: 56.92 years
Female: 60.6 years (2021 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5.57 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 8.1% (2019)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 86.7% of population
Improved rural: 46.6% of population
Improved total: 55.7% of population
Unimproved urban: 13.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 53.4% of population
Unimproved total: 44.3% of population (2017 est.)

Current health expenditure: 4.1% (2018)

Physicians density: 0.04 physicians/1000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 56.5% of population
Improved rural: 3.1% of population
Improved total: 15.3% of population
Unimproved urban: 43.5% of population
Unimproved rural: 96.9% of population
Unimproved total: 84.7% of population (2017 est.)

Hiv/Aids
Adult prevalence rate: 1.1% (2020 est.)
People living with hivaids: 110,000 (2020 est.)
Deaths: 3,000 (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2020)
Food or water borne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector borne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Watercontactdiseases: schistosomiasis
Animalcontactdiseases: rabies
Respiratorydiseases: meningococcal meningitis

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 6.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 29.2% (2019)

Education expenditures: 2.4% of GDP (2019)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
Total population: 22.3%
Male: 31.3%
Female: 14% (2016)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 7 years
Male: 9 years
Female: 6 years (2015)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 1.5%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 2.4%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 0.7% (2018)


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Chad
Conventional short form: Chad
Local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad
Local short form: Tchad/Tshad
Etymology: named for Lake Chad, which lies along the country's western border; the word 'tsade' means 'large body of water' or 'lake' in several local native languages
Note: the only country whose name is composed of a single syllable with a single vowel

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: N'Djamena
Geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: name taken from the Arab name of a nearby village, Nijamina, meaning 'place of rest'

Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (provinces, singular - province); Barh-El-Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Ouest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi-Est, Mayo-Kebbi-Ouest, Moyen-Chari, N'Djamena, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Wadi-Fira

Dependent areas

Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest approved 30 April 2018 by the National Assembly, entered into force 4 May 2018
Amendments: proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly (2021)

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descentonly: both parents must be citizens of Chad
Dual citizenship recognized: Chadian law does not address dual citizenship
Residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, newly reelected President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months
Head of government: Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country; following his death, Mahamat took control of the country and dismissed the Chadian parliament, promising elections within eighteen months
Cabinet: Council of Ministers
Elections and appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 11 April 2021
Election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 79.3%, Pahimi PADACKET Albert (RNDT) 10.3%, Lydie BEASSEMDA (Party for Democracy and Independence) 3.16%

Legislative branch
Description: formerly a unicameral National Assembly or Assemblée Nationale (188 seats; 163 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 25 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - on 5 October 2021, Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY installed 93 members of an interim parliament, called the National Transitional Council (NTC); according to DEBY, the NTC will act as a national assembly of transition until the country’s next elections take place
Elections: last held on 13 February and 6 May 2011 (next originally scheduled on 13 December 2020 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic)

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 3 chamber presidents, and 12 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace

Political parties and leaders: Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD [Laoukein Kourayo MEDAR]
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]
Framework of Popular Action for Solidarity and Unity of the Republic or CAP-SUR [Joseph Djimrangar DADNADJI]
National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]
Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ahmat ALHABO]
Party for Unity and Reconciliation
Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Idriss DEBY]
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mahamat Allahou TAHER]RNDT/Le Reveil [Albert Pahimi PADACKE]
Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA [Malloum YOBODA]
Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Felix Romadoumngar NIALBE]

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador NGOTE GALI Koutou (since 22 June 2018)
In the us chancery: 2,401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 652-1312
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David GILMOUR (since December 2020)
From the us embassy: Rond-Point Chagoua, B.P. 413, N’Djamena
From the us mailing address: 2,410 N'Djamena Place, Washington DC  20,521-2,410
From the us telephone: [235] 2,251-5,017
From the us FAX: [235] 2,253-9,102
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
Note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France

National symbols: goat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: 'La Tchadienne' (The Chadian)
Lyrics and music: Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD
Note: adopted 1960

National heritage


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: -3.1% (2017 est.)

-6.4% (2016 est.)

1.8% (2015 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2010 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 75.1% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 4.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 35.1% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -39.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 52.3% (2017 est.)
Industry: 14.7% (2017 est.)
Services: 33.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sorghum, groundnuts, millet, yams, cereals, sugar cane, beef, maize, cotton, cassava

Industries: oil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: -4% (2017 est.)

Labor force: 5.654 million (2017 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 80%
By occupation industry: 20% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15-24 total: 1.5%
Rate ages 15-24 male: 2.4%
Rate ages 15-24 female: 0.7% (2018)

Population below poverty line: 42.3% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 43.3 (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.6%
Highest 10: 30.8% (2003)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $1.337 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures: $1.481 billion (2017 est.)
Surplus or deficit: $-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 13.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt: 52.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

52.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources forest revenues: 3.81% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: -0.9% (2019 est.)

4.2% (2018 est.)

-1.5% (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$558 million (2017 est.)

-$926 million (2016 est.)

Exports: $2.464 billion (2017 est.)

$2.187 billion (2016 est.)
Partners: China 32%, United Arab Emirates 21%, India 19%, United States 10%, France 6%, Germany 5% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, gold, livestock, sesame seeds, gum arabic, insect resins (2019)

Imports: $2.16 billion (2017 est.)

$1.997 billion (2016 est.)
Partners: China 29%, United Arab Emirates 16%, France 10%, United States 8%, India 5% (2019)
Commodities: delivery trucks, paints, packaged medicines, aircraft, broadcasting equipment (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $22.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$20.92 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt external: $1.724 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.281 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 9% (2019)
Access electrification urban areas: 32% (2019)
Access electrification rural areas: 1% (2019)
Production: 224.3 million kWh (2016 est.)
Consumption: 208.6 million kWh (2016 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 48,200 kW (2016 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 98% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources: 3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 132,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil exports: 70,440 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves: 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products consumption: 2,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 2,285 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Consumption: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Exports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Imports: 0 m³ (2017 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 m³ (1 January 2014 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 5,340 (2020)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 8,687,151 (2020)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52.89 (2020 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 1 state-owned TV station; 2 privately-owned TV stations; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; over 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2017)

Internet
Country code: .td
Users total: 2.86 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 10.4% (2020 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 0 (2020)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures: 2.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

2.2% of GDP (2019)

2.3% of GDP (2018)

2.2% of GDP (2017)

1.8% of GDP (2016)

Military and security forces: Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions (Direction Generale des Services de Securite des Institutions de l'Etat, GDSSIE); National Gendarmerie; Ministry of Public Security and Immigration: National Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT), national police (2021)

note(s) - the GDSSIE, formerly known as the Republican Guard, is the presidential guard force and is considered to be Chad's elite military unit; it is reportedly a division-size unit with infantry, armor, and special forces/anti-terrorism regiments (known as the Special Anti-Terrorist Group or SATG, aka Division of Special Anti-Terrorist Groups or DGSAT)

Military service age and obligation: 20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21 (2021)

Space program

Terrorist groups: Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TT

Airports
Total: 59 (2013)
With paved runways total: 9
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2017)
With unpaved runways total: 50
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 14
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 22
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 (2013)

Heliports

Pipelines: 582 km oil (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 40,000 km (2018)
Note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved

Waterways: (Chari and Legone Rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 374,804 (Sudan), 121,525 (Central African Republic), 19,321 (Nigeria), 8,842 (Cameroon) (2021)
IDPs: 406,573 (majority are in the east) (2021)

Illicit drugs